Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns  Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947

1. Egypt continues to walk fine line b/w keeping good relations w/US & maintaining image of good Muslim state Faces growing pressure from rad. Muslims outside Eg. Maintains close relations w/US in return for milit. & financial support Became 1st Arab leader to make peace w/Isr. (1978)  Isr. returned Sinai Poses as champion of Arabs vs IsraelCrushed by Isr. in Six Day War (1967) Nationalized Suez Canal (1956) War w/Isr., helped by Br & FrNasser a hero to Arabs Tried to develop Egypt’s econ. but peasants esp. suffer Attacked Israel in Yom Kippur War was badly defeated (1973) Created United Arab Rep. with Syria Fell apart over leadership 1936- Farouk becomes king  Anglo-Eg Tr. Requiring Br. Troops to leave Eg. Exc. for control of Canal Demos for indep in 1919  Britain makes Egypt indep. Kgd. In 1922, but still controls the Canal & runs Eg’s econ. & defense Crackdown on rad. Muslims opposing his secular rule FC.146D EGYPT 1882-NOW World War I (FC.127) World War I (FC.127) Britain takes Egypt in 1882 to protect Suez Canal (FC.122) Br. at war vs. Turkey (which technically owned Eg.)  Br. replaced Turkish khedive w/ protectorate ruled by a sultan & maintained milit. presence 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) 1935- Mussolini seizes Ethiopia (FC.135) World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) Britain uses Egypt as base for N. Afr. campaigns Withdraws army to Canal zone in 1947 Anti-Br feelings grow  Milit. Coup by Eg. Officers led by Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Farouk (1952) Start of Cold War (FC.138) Israel est. in 1948 (FC.138) Nasser runs Egypt w/an iron fist (1952-70) & tries to use both US & SU for foreign aid while staying indep : Anwar Sadat succeeds Nasser & at first follows his hard line policies vs. Israel: Sadat is assassinated (1981) Hosni Mubarak continues Sadat’s policies:

2. A FC 151. COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL AFRICA (c.1870-2000) Local auth’s resist state interference Missionary soc’s close many schools & churches Programs that are over-managed & inappropriate for Afr. conditions Eur. countries give up on them Most col’s get ind. in 1960s but according to arbitrary Eur. boundaries that divide some tribes & throw previously hostile ones together Newly indep. states continue efforts at controlled econ’s  Fail because: Modern tech’s still not appropriate for Afr. conditions Afr. Peasants don’t like collectivization 1870-1920s: Colonies run more by private investors than Eur. govt’s: Misrule & contact w/rest of globe Drastic pop. decline (e.g., global flu pandemic in 1918) Col. Schools indoctrinate Africans w/Christian & Eur. ideologies High rates of Corruption High rates of AIDS White settlers are subsidized & take land from Afr. farmers Colon. Govt’s often practice “indirect rule” through local tribal chiefs Eur. govt’s cut budgets for Afr. Colon.admin’s Rising expectations for independence & modernization Colon. powers cut involvement in Afr. colon’s (c.1920-45) Deteriorating environment Famines Wars & genocide White settlers seize more lands & est. Apartheid in S. Africa  Uprisings Overbearing state intervention in Afr. Econ’s: More intensive agr. & irrig Virtual collapse of Afr. econ’s since 1970 because of: Lack of foreign investment Emergence of AIDS epidemic in 1980s Rapidly expanding pop. Sell off many colon. Assets to pay war debts Eur. powers renew interest in Afr. Col’s “2nd Colon. Invasion” (1945-60): Eur. powers take over Africa (c.1870-1914() Break up old tribes and throw previously hostile ones together (FC.122) WWI involves Afr. troops Rising discontent w/Eur’s (FC.127) Post WWI slump Falling mkts & prices for Afr. goods (FC.128) WWII uses Afr. Troops in various fronts (FC.136) WWII uses Afr. Troops in various fronts (FC.136) Trend toward socialistic managed econ’s (FC.138) Post war econ. Boom for Afr. products(FC.138) Infl. of Chin. agr collectiv.(FC.147) Infl. of Chin. agr collectiv.(FC.147) Colon. borders Little nati’l loyalty (FC122)

3. FC.151A SOUTH AFRICA: COLONIZATION, LIBERATION & BEYOND c.300-1990 1912- Formation of African National Congress led by Black African tribal leaders to lobby for rights Eur. African Slave Trade c.300CE- Bantu migrate to SA & clash with KhoiKhoi & San Force San & KhoiKhoi to far coast & inland Voting white minority Colored Race (mixed) Slaves from Asia British occupy colony and abolish slavery in 1833  Labor shortages 1912- Formation of African National Congress led by Black African tribal leaders to lobby for rights Foreign Pressure Black Afr. majority (local and slaves) Great Trek of Dutch settlers inland away fr. Br. Control form Orange and Transvaal states (1830-40s) Econ. Debt Slavery of Natives only a partial solution 1910-1924- Bedrock legislation reserves white jobs, land & instates a white citizens army 1910- formation of independent Union of SA run only by whites 1899- 3-way war erupts b/w Zulu (Bantu tribe), Br. & Dutch  Br. wins Economic Pressure Dutch farms become obsolete White govt. pulls them out of poverty @ expense of Black Africans 1986- End of Apartheidcurrent attempts at Democracy 1948-Apartheid system based on segregation of races & White dominance Br. interest shifts from ports to inland Orange & Transvaal Resistance movement 1488- Portuguese come to SA on way to India (FC.81) 1600s- Dutch take over fr. Portugal (FC.93) Race-Based Caste system  Several groups: Napol. Wars (FC.106) Napol. Wars (FC.106) Gold discov. in Orange. (FC.122) Suez Canal opens in 1869 (FC.117) Ind. Rev. New Agr. Tech’s (FC.117) Ind. Rev. New Agr. Tech’s (FC.117)

4. FC.151B SOMALIA : COLONIZATION, LIBERATION & BEYOND (c. 900-2007) Horn of Africa's geopolitics set it apart from rest of E. Africa: Rough inland terrain-> Few Afr. inhabitants Location on coast of Indian Ocean -> contact w/ Asia Eur. Expansion into Afr. in 1800s (FC.122) Eur. Expansion into Afr. in 1800s (FC.122) Region consisted of nomadic Afr. Clans inland and Arab trade towns on coast-> Sultanates and cities (Mogadishu) firmly est. by 10th century Berlin Conference (1884) splits area into 4 states owned by 4 different colonial powers for various economic or strategic reasons: Br. Somaliland on the N. coast French occupy NW area (Djibouti) Ital. Somaliland on S. coast Ethiopia extends its border Each col.'s success varied w/ for. power Rival Afr. Clans now grouped together Failed dervish resistance movement in 1889 led by Hassan against all 4 col. powers-> 1/3 Somali pop. dead 4 colonies become Rep. of Somalia in 1960 under U.N. settlement New clashes between different clans Some regions more advanced than others U.N.-backed regime overthrown by mil. leader Siyad Barre (1969)  somewhat stable, but corrupt rule Developed written Somali language 1986- Reign of terror against dissenters Communistic rule-> ally w/ Soviets until 1978 Beaten in Ogaden War vs Ethiopia(1977-8) Barre overthrown in 1991  civil war Clan under a warlord gains power Rival clans rebel vs. warlord Floods leave 500,000 in poverty Ethiopia intervening in civil war No official ruler or regime since Barre to present-day-> instability Widespread famine Hideout for suspected terrorists Fleeing refugees U.S. “Operation Restore Hope” mission fails (1991) Growing threat of east African war w/ neighbors

5. Increased export is helping the country’s economy rebound Govt. est. schools and hospitals Aid in the fight against white suppression Nationalization of Portuguese plantations and property 2000- Worst floods in 40 yrs Dest. 1/3 corn crop & rise of malaria 1999- Mozambique has fastest growing econ in world Slave trade & forced labor are carried out  Different classes develop Portugal faces numerous African independence movements 1975-Machel est. indep. Marxist regime in Mozambique Rhodesia & S. Afr. nationalists wage guerilla war from Mozambique White minority regimes invade, destroy, & sabotage FRELIMO govt.Econ. upheavals from fighting, natural disasters, & polit. unrest 1992-Peace agreement b/w FRELIMO & white regimes of Rhodesia & S. Afr. 1995- Mozambique joins the Commonwealth of Nations Colonial Act Increased Portuguese settlements FC.151C MOZAMBIQUE : COLONIZATION, LIBERATION & BEYOND Portuguese discover Mozambique & found city of Mozambique (FC.81) Settlers from Portugal gradually take over land from natives  est. colony in 1752 World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) 1962-Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO) formed under Eduardo Monlano  He is assassinated Samora Machel becomes president of FRELIMO with several goals:

6. FC.151D ZAMBIA : COLONIZATION, LIBERATION & BEYOND Keeps good relations w/S. Afr Afr. pop. ignored or oppressed Copper mining & exporting Increased export is helping the country’s economy rebound Dominance of white minority Helps resolve Zimbabwe’s racial strife Gets $ from IMF but falls behind on payments Less aid Privatizes unprofit. Gov. ind’s Kenneth Kaunda becomes Zambia’s 1st Prime minister Copper prices plummet in 1970s  Failing econ. 1-party system & polit. repression Privatizes unprofit. Gov. ind’s Cuts external debt by over $2 billion Unemployment & inflation Cuts external debt by over $2 billion High external debt Nationalizes ind’s & failing agric. Government corruption European powers race to claim Afr. colonies (FC.122) Cecil Rhodes explores southern Afr. for Brit. & takes lands for their riches & opportunities & to surround Dutch Boers Colony of Rhodesia characterized by: British reassert power w/Fed. Of Rhodesia & Nyasaland (1953-63) but eventually meet resistance of overwhelming Afr. majority Domestic policies: Foreign policy: Pressures for multi-party elections Chiluba elected in 1991 Pressures for multi-party elections Chiluba elected in 1991

7. FC.151E SENEGAL : COLONIZATION, LIBERATION & BEYOND Portuguese explorations in 15th century (FC.81) Compet. for Afr. Slave trade in 1600s (FC.95) Compet. for Afr. Slave trade in 1600s (FC.95) Portuguese take over Senegal & develop trade in slaves & gold Dutch take over in 1600s (FC.93) Br & Fr. competition Senegal becomes Fr. Colony in 1677 Eur. Expansion into Afr. in 1800s (FC.122) Eur. Expansion into Afr. in 1800s (FC.122) Fr. est. Dakar as trading post & colon. capital of Senegal & Fr. W. Africa & expand inland World War II (FC.136) World War II (FC.136) Thousands of Senegalese drafted to serve on side of allies 1946- Senegal granted more home rule & 2 rep’s in Fr. Parliament Attempt at regional Federation of MaliOnly Senegal & Mali join Senegal gains indep. From Fr. as part of Federation of Mali, but Federation falls apart soon afterwards New constitution dev. in1963 for Senegal Socialist gov’t run by Leopold-Sedar Senghor conflicts w/prime minister Mamadou Dia  Office of P.M. abolished Senghor retires 2nd socialist president, Abdou Diouf (1981-2000) who: Encourages more democ. & less govt. interference in agr. Senegal merges w/Gambia Senegambia (1982)  Union dissolves (1989) Better relations with neighbors & partic. in internat’l peacekeeping Senghor defeated in 2000 election  2nd peaceful transition of power & first to an opposition party

8. FC.151F IVORY COAST: COLONIZATION, LIBERATION & BEYOND Est. plantations w/forced labor Buy rest of Ivory Coast from locals Disputes & revolts by Muslims in N. Cease fires that quickly break down Influx of skilled Fr. teachers & advisors, unlike rest of Afr where Eur’s were fleeing Govt. support for small farms make $ from palm oil, coffee & cocoa & pineapples Eur. powers race to claim Afr. colonies (FC.122) Eur. powers race to claim Afr. colonies (FC.122) Portuguese discover Ivory Coast in 1460s (FC.81) Eur. Slave traders mostly by-pass it for better harbors French conquer Ivory coast in 1890s after prolonged resistance French rule Plantation system fails despite forced labor Félix Houphouët-Boigny organizes workers (1944)Forced labor abolished Indep. from France (1960) 1980s -Global recession 1980s -Drought in Ivory C. Pres. Houphouët-Boigny ‘s firm rule & policies “Ivorian econ. miracle” under thanks to: Falling sugar prices Over-cutting of timber Serious econ. decline Foreign debt & crime skyrocket Strikes vs corruption Multi-party system Elect Boigny’s chosen successor, Henri Konan Bédié Harsh rule, esp. vs. other ethnic groups Bédié Overthrown by milit. Coup (1999)Robert GuéïCrime & corruption reduced Oct.,2000 Gen. Guei tries to rig elections Riots Laurent Gbago takes over UN efforts to restore peace UN efforts to restore peace March,2007- Peace reachedRebel leader is Pr. Min. & Gbago is Pres.