Presentation Transcript

1. South Africa
2. British Colonial Policy Policy was of trusteeship Cape Town was a crown colony established to stop slavery
3. Hottentot’s were cheaper then slaves Nomads that had been displaced by white farmers Lost herds Lost land Cost nothing to get And wages were less then a slave’s keep Maintained of women and children his problem
4. Chronic war between Bantu and Boer Both needed land for expansion Bantu’s could only move south and west
5. English Missionaries began setting up Stations Public lands where Hottentots could be protected Enraged the Boers 1819 Dr. John Philip came to Cape town Revised laws
6. Old law Good Parts Limited Hottentots wage contracts to 1 year Bad Parts Required Hottentots to register with a fixed address Anyone without a pass arrested and forced to work as a vagrant
7. New Law-50th Ordinance Nominally gave all peoples of South Africa the same rights Added amendment saying that this could only be changed with express permission of the Crown Gave legal equality but economically still trapped Colonial legislature passed a new vagrancy law
8. The Boers Dutch – religious fanatics Calvinist Intense individualists and anti government Veldt was drier then the American prairie Farms of 6,000 acres instead of 180 As more British arrived then began to move east and north East Blocked by Bantu tribes
9. Great Trek 1835-1842 12000 Boer leave south Africa and move north Geographical separation of white and Bantu Africans gone forever English tried to outlaw movement into Bantu Areas Balance of South African Population became Black The issue of White supremacy intensified
10. Bantu migration 1800 saw Bantu lands to the north and east under intense pressure from overpopulation Bantus live by slash and burn agriculture Needed land and move they only way they could south Conflict arose between local tribes, Bantu and Boers moving north Most battles in East – the Natal More arrived and Battle at Blood River in 1838 results in Natal Republic Declared
11. Kaffr wars Native tribes men were put into protected “homelands” South African Reservations Idea was to protect Bantu from unscrupulous whites Upset the nomadic patterns
12. Transvaal problem Too remote for British to deal with 1000 miles from Capetown Sand River Convention of 1852 Transvaal was recognized as independent Prohibited British alliances with “colored nations” in it Provided for mutual extradition of criminals Outlawed sale of ammunition to natives `1854 same rights given to Orange Free State but had to promised not to join with Transvaal
13. Seventh Kaffir War Upset Britain Made Parliament adamant that South Africa pay its own way Issues of Race and Settlement continued Blacks continually pushed into smaller strips of land Some place 20 blacks to 1 white Cape Colony was at the mercy of Boer Republics as their mistreatment and oppression of Native populations resulted in growing migration and tension Only pressure was through import duties British policies will lead to war as Cape Colony must work with Orange Free State to control the Basuto when they attacked the Orange Free state
14. Work force In 1860’s Natal began importing India indentured servants to work on plantation Experience Not local didn’t earn money and go home Things change with discovery of diamonds in 1868 Diamonds found in West Griqualand Tribal homeland Devastated by drought Claimed by Transvaal and Orange Free State 1870 Kimberly founded and 1 year later 10,000 lived there Neither Republic could control and a miners republic called on the Cape to annex it Orange Free state never forgave Cape Colony and neither did the Dutch in Cape Colony
15. Effect of Diamonds Prosperity came when opening of Suez might have brought depression Until diamonds little to no investment as the land was poor Tropical Natal had 20,000 inhabitants in plantation economies Rest of country pastoral – wool major industry After diamonds Capital poured in Road to diamond fields Labor White skilled labor from Europe Natives filled unskilled jobs Tried to get Cape racial laws in diamond fields failed Left families in “homeland” and worked to make money Constant flux and constant supply so wages remained low
16. Transvaal Fiercest Boers Paul Kruger Early trekker Wanted Afrikaner republic Fanatic he believed god was on his side Dooper Militant bigoted Dutch Sect Goal to conquer and enslave the Canaanite Bantu Brought in Germans and Dutch from Europe to advise Encourage hope for foreign aid Tried to begin a Trade Union but rejected as Natal wanted taxes
17. Gold 1886 largest richest Gold strike ever in the Transvaal Had known gold was there but it was difficult to mine New Technology made it possible to mine Profitable only on a large scale Needed massive amounts of unskilled labor Cecil Rhodes United Gold Fields of South Africa British capital and skilled labor rushed in and Boers became minority
18. Germany in Africa Took South West Africa Located north and west of South Africa Transvaal and Free State began to view as ally
19. Cape Government Became more open to union with Boer Republics Sponsored railways but Boer’s did not let them join line in Republics Britain give Natal its own government in hopes it will be able to work with the Transvaal In Transvaal monopolies Railway built and owned by Dutch Netherlands Railway company Non Boers had to wait 14 years to be granted voting rights Called for reform and refused Moved to overland routes and cut off by government
20. Cecil Rhodes Arch conspirator Abused his high position of trust Plotted the use of force to overthrow the government of the Transvaal War becomes inevitable First phase First 4 months all fighting on British soil Britain sends 47,000 troops –1900 Takes back lost territory Third Phase
21. Peace of Vereeniging 1902 Republicans become British subjects Orange River Colony and Transvaal officially bilingual Gave 3,000,000 pounds to re-establish farmers Postponed decision on native enfranchisement Britain lost world opinion Public upset with idea that the country sent men to die for the interests of millionaires
22. British Control Regeneration after Boer War depended on the mining industry that caused it Plan was to tax the proceeds to pay the 214,000,000 pounds the war had cost the taxpayers Native workers did not return to the gold fields 23000 Chinese were imported as indentured labor Indian’s were not used as the outnumbered whites in Natal already Chinese could only be used in mines Australia, Britain and New Zealand objected to this labor policy After 1905 natives returned and Chinese went home Mining companies rebuilt their cities as modern urban areas Public schools and local self government began Dutch taught 5 hours a week to students who wanted it Completion led to superior government schools
23. 1907 Self Government Elections were held 3 out of the 4 largest colonies Afrikaners were in control Removed Boer fear of British control But left colonies un united
24. Natal Seemingly quiet and prosperous Plantation economy Sugar king Imported labor as indentured servants from India By 1907 100,000 Indians lived in Natal Fulfilled service and stayed Natal was become more Indian then British or African Didn’t move Cape, excluded from Free State that forbade Asian immigrants Moved to Transvaal Go
25. Mahatma Gandhi Lawyer in Johannesburg Resisted the requirement to carry papers Passive resistance Open angry quarrel between 2 member of the British Empire
26. Trade issues also show problems Coastal colonies wanted to raise tariffs Transvaal had other option Mozambique – Portuguese Railroads were state owned Shortest routes entirely in Transvaal
27. Political Union only way to end age old distrust Union became need and theme Constitution Only colony to already have one Few changes made
28. Government 2 houses of parliament Each province has same number of senators 8 all elected 8 appointed senators – Lower house in proportion to European male population Provincial government Governors appointed by government