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Spring Final Exam Review

Spring Final Exam Review. What is the definition of Forensic Science? . Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws. Explain the Locard Principle. .

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Spring Final Exam Review

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  1. Spring Final Exam Review

  2. What is the definition of Forensic Science? Forensic science is the application of science to criminal and civil laws

  3. Explain the Locard Principle. The locard principle states that every object that comes into contact with another object will exchange evidence. (I.E. Two cars in an accident will exchange paint samples)

  4. What were the results of the Frye case? The results of the frye case were that physical evidence would be admissible in court if it was valid through “general acceptance” by the scientific community.

  5. What is the difference between a coroner and medical examiner? A medical examiner is a licensed doctor. A coroner is an elected official

  6. Where was the first crime lab in the world? LYON, FRANCE a town just outside of the Paris city limits.

  7. Discuss the role of an expert witness. An expert witness is a scientist or doctor who is an expert in the field related to the evidence they are discussing in court.

  8. Who created Sherlock Holmes? Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

  9. What is the chain of custody? Chain of custody is the detailed list of individuals who have come in contact with the evidence since collection.

  10. Which Federal Agencies have a crime lab? DEA, ATF&E, U.S. POSTAL SERVICE, AND FBI

  11. How were most crimes solved before the 1960’s? Through deductive reasoning skills, great police work, and confessions.

  12. Ballistics

  13. Bullets can be individualized to a weapon by __________. While cartridge cases can be individualized by marks left by ____________. STRIATIONS which are produced from THE LANDS AND GROOVES INSIDE THE BARREL. the FIRING PIN.

  14. IBIS is INTEGRATED BALLISTICS IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM.

  15. Lands and grooves are (CLASS) evidence and striations are (INDIVIDUAL).

  16. Distinguish between gauge (SHOTGUN), caliber (RIFLE/HANDGUN/REVOLVER), land (RAISED PART OF BARREL), groove (CUT OUT PART OF BARREL), striations (MARKS LEFT BY THE BARREL’S LANDS AND GROOVES ON THE BULLET), breech face (REAR SURFACE OF BULLET CHAMBER), ejector (PART OF GUN THAT THROWS THE CASING OUT), and bore (USED TO CUT LANDS AND GROOVES INTO THE BARREL).

  17. Define ballistics. THE SCIENCE OF PROJECTILES AND FIREARMS.

  18. What type of relationship exists between the amount of gun shot residue and the distance of fire? Closer equals more residue and smaller diameter of residue surface, farther distance equals less residue and more spread out.

  19. Gunpowder residue is usually identified by the presence of the elements LEAD, BARIUM & ANTIMONY.

  20. To help reconstruct a crime scene the speed, trajectory, size, mass, and manufacturer of a bullet will all be important. TRUE

  21. What would Ballistic evidence consist of? BULLETS, SHELL CASINGS, FIREARMS, ETC.

  22. Arson and Explosions

  23. Define: oxidation, combustion, endothermic, exothermic.

  24. Is an oxidation reaction endothermic or exothermic EXOTHERMIC

  25. What is the fire triangle? HEAT, FUEL, AND OXYGEN

  26. What solution is used to rinse fire debris? ORGANIC SOLVENTS Example: Acetone

  27. Accelerants are commonly detected by SNIFFERS and ARSON DOGS.

  28. Two common classes of explosives are LOW and HIGH. High explosives are also broken down into Primary and Secondary classifications.

  29. Distinguish primary (<1000 m/s) and secondary explosives (>1000 m/s). Primary explosives are used in BLASTING CAPS.

  30. The first focus of a fire investigator is to LOCATE THE ORIGIN ON THE FIRE.

  31. How is fire debris collected? IN A SEALED CONTAINER TO PREVENT VAPORS FROM ESCAPING.

  32. Describe the profile of an arsonist. What are his motives? VANDALISM, REVENGE, EXCITEMENT, CRIME CONCEALMENT, PROFIT, EXTREMIST.

  33. Know and be able to identify and describe fire patterns common to an arson scene. V-SHAPE, INVERTED CONE, PROTECTED AREA, CLEAN BURN, RUN DOWN BURN, IGNITABLE LIQUID POUR PATTERN.

  34. DNA

  35. In 1985, the works of SIR ALEC JEFFREYS lead to the first DNA typing.

  36. Before 1960, most crimes were solved by PHYSICAL EVIDENCE/DEDUCTIVE REASONING.

  37. The building blocks of DNA are NUCLEOTIDES.

  38. In DNA, nucleic acid A bonds to T and G to C. Which nucleic acid is in RNA? U

  39. Restriction enzymes are used to CUT DNA AT SPECIFIC SITES.

  40. Tandem repeats are TYPE OF DNA POLYMORPHISM WHERE SHORT SEQUENCES OF DNA ARE REPEATED.

  41. Understand the common methods of DNA mapping: RFLP, PCR, STR, mtDNA. How do these tests work? SEE ONLINE TEXTBOOK.

  42. What was the purpose of the human genome project? TO REVEAL THE LOCATIONS FOR EACH GENE.

  43. DNA is useful in such cases as crime, MURDER, and RAPE but can not be used for BIRTH defects.

  44. Which is better to used for paternity determination, blood typing or DNA? DNA

  45. Serology and Blood Spatter

  46. Serology is the study of BODILY FLUIDS.

  47. Antigens are found on the RED BLOOD CELLS and antibodies in the BLOOD PLASMA.

  48. Type AB blood contains A AND B antigens and A AND B antibodies.

  49. During routine blood typing antigens A AND B are tested. For the ABO group, the most common blood type is O the least is AB.

  50. Be able to apply genetics to paternity and crime scene blood evidence. Could a type AB mother and a type O father have a B child? YES What could be the possible genotypes their children? AB, AO, AND BO.

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