Phylum Chordata

1. Phylum Chordata • Notochord. A stiff cartilaginous rod which supports the nerve cord. • Post-anal tail. This is an extension of the body past the anal opening. • Blood that circulates forward in a main ventral vessel and backward in a dorsal vessel.

2. Phylum ChordataSubphylum Urochordata • Primitive chordates. Sea squirts, ascidians, or tunicates. Larval forms have notochord in tail region. • Chief characteristics: Adults have sac-like bodies, ranging in size from less than 1 mm to a few cm. Larval form resembles a tadpole and has a notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, gill slits, and post-anal tail.

3. Phylum ChordataSubphylum Urochordata • Geologic range: not known • Mode of life: • Inhabit overhangs or shaded areas in the low intertidal and subtidal zone. • Most live attached as adults. • Filter feeders. • Behavior resembles that of a sponge. • Body contracts abruptly expelling water, giving them the name "sea squirts".

4. Phylum ChordataSubphylum Cephalochordata • Primitive chordates. Lancelets, Amphioxus,Branchiostoma. Small marine animals with fish-like bodies and notochord. • Geologic range: Cambrian to Recent. • Mode of life: Bottom dwellers. Lancelets spend much of their time burrowing in the sand in warm, coastal, marine environments. Filter feeders. Relatively sessile but capable of swimming. • Significance: An ancestor to the vertebrates resembled a lancelet-like creature (Pikaia).

5. Chief characteristics: • Lancelets resemble a small, colorless anchovy fillet. • No obvious eyes or lateral fins. • Worm-like. • Has segmented axial muscles, gill slits, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, and a post-anal tail. • No solid skeleton. Nothing resembling a vertebral column.

6. What ARE conodonts? • The conodonts were previously placed in a separate phylum (Phylum Conodonta), because their affinities were unknown. • The current interpretation places the conodont-bearing animal with the Chordates in Phylum Chordata. • The organism from which they came is not known with certainty.

7. Examples of various shapes of conodont elements. Images courtesy of Anita Harris, U. S. Geological Survey.

8. Conodonts • Chief characteristics: • Microscopic in size • Composed of calcium fluorapatite. • Shape - cone-shaped teeth, or bars with rows of tooth-like denticles, or irregular knobby plates called platforms. • Each conodont element is part of a larger organism. Most fossil occurrences are of disassociated elements, but occasionally they are found arranged in specific assemblages or “apparatuses”.

9. Conodonts • Name: Conodont means "cone" + "teeth" (dont) • Geologic range: Neoproterozoic to Late Triassic. • Mode of life: Marine, free-swimming.

10. Conodonts • Significance: • Useful in biostratigraphy • Useful in marine paleoenvironmental interpretation • Their color is a good indicator of the temperature to which the rock has been subjected. (This is important in determining whether oil or gas may be present in the rock).

11. Conodonts The color indicates thermal history and burial temperatures. Darker color indicates higher temperature. Temperatures are important to determine whether petroleum may have been generated in the rock, or whether temperatures were too high for petroleum to be preserved.

12. What WAS the conodont animal? • Several fossils of conodont animals have been reported, but most were discredited and reinterpreted as an organism which had actually eaten the conodont animal, because the conodont elements were only in the stomach or digestive tract.

13. What WAS the conodont animal? • Sketch of a conodont animal published in 1993 from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. • The conodont animal is found as soft-bodied impressions. The animals lack skeletal parts except for the conodonts, which occur in the mouth region.

14. What WAS the conodont animal? • A fossil discovered in 1995 in the Ordovician Soom Shale of South Africa contains soft bodied remains of an animal with an elongated eel-like body. • The animal had an eye, and had V-shaped musculature along the sides of the body, as in the amphioxus or lancelet. • The organism has a longitudinal band which may mark the position of the notochord.

15. What were the conodont elements used for in the conodont animal? • Internal laminated structures within conodont elements indicate that new lamellae were added on the outer surface of many elements, suggesting that they were an internal skeletal appatatus, covered with tissue, rather than being used as teeth. • They may have been supports for a food-gathering apparatus. • Some conodonts show evidence of having been broken and subsequently repaired. • The function of the conodont apparatus is not known.

16. Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata The vertebrates are animals with: • Segmented backbone consisting of vertebrae • Definite head with a skull that encloses a brain • Ventrally-located heart • Well-developed sense organs • Notochord is supplemented or replaced by cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. • Arches of the vertebrae encircle and protect a hollow spinal cord.

17. Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata • Mode of Life: • Includes both water-dwelling and land-dwelling tetrapods (from the Latin, meaning four feet). • Some walk on four legs and some walk only on the hind legs (bipedal). • In some, forelimbs are modified into wings. • In some, the limbs have been modified into flippers. • Geologic range: Cambrian to Recent.

18. Phylum ChordataSubphylum Vertebrata Two major groups of vertebrates: • Non-amniotic vertebrates - Egg lacks a covering and must be fertilized externally. Must be wet or in water to reproduce. • Fish • Amphibians • Amniotic vertebrates - Amniotes. Internal fertilization and an amniotic egg (enclosed egg). Water is not required for reproduction. • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

19. Amniotic Egg Amnion (or amniotic membrane) encloses the embryo in water (amniotic fluid).Allantois is a reservoir for waste and provides for gas diffusion. It becomes the urinary bladder in the adult.Chorion provides a protective membrane around the egg.Yolk is a storage area for fats, proteins, and other nutrients - food for the embryo.

20. Significance of theAmniotic Egg • Provided freedom from dependency on water bodies. • Helped the vertebrates live in diverse types of terrestrial environments. • An important milestone in the evolution of vertebrates.

21. The Fishes There are five classes of fishes. • Agnathids or jawless fish • Acanthodians or spiny fish with jaws. Extinct. • Placoderms or plate skinned fish with jaws. Extinct. • Chondrichthyes or fish with cartilaginous skeletons, including sharks, rays, and skates. • Osteichthyes or bony fishes. Most modern fish. Led to evolution of tetrapods.

22. Geologic ranges of the five classes of fishes

23. The Oldest Fish • The oldest known fish is from the Cambrian of China (about 535 m.y. old), found in the Chengjiang fossil site in Yunnan Province,

24. Class Agnatha • Jawless fishes, including the living lampreys and hagfishes as well as extinct ostracoderms • Name: "A-" means "without", and "gnatha" means "jaws". • Chief characteristics: Fish without jaws. • Mode of life: Swimmers.

25. Class Agnatha • Geologic range: Cambrian to Recent. Ostracoderms were Ordovician to Devonian. • Jawless fishes are present in the Harding Sandstone (Lower Ordovician) of Colorado. Also found in Lower Ordovician rocks in Australia and Bolivia. Includes Astraspis. Astraspis, an Ordovician jawless fish

26. Ostracoderms • A group of armored jawless fishes called the ostracoderms (name means "shell skin") lived in the Early Paleozoic. • Ostracoderms were mainly small, sluggish fish that were filter feeders or "mud strainers".

27. Ostracoderms • The armor was made of bony material, and served as protection from predators or for storing seasonally available phosphorous. • Bone is made of apatite, which contains phosphorous.

28. Evolution of Jaws • The first fish with jaws appeared in nonmarine rocks in the Late Silurian. • The evolution of the jaw expanded the adaptive range of vertebrates. • Used for biting and grasping. • Led to more varied and active ways of life, and to new sources of food.

29. Evolution of Jaws • Origin of jaws - two hypotheses: • Modification of a front pair of bone or cartilage gill supports. • More recent hypothesis: Modification of the velum, a structure used in respiration and feeding in lamprey larvae. • Both hypotheses are based on anatomy and embryology of living fishes.

30. Class Acanthodii • Acanthodians or spiny fishes. • The first fishes to have jaws. • Name: "Acanthos" means "spiny". • Chief characteristics: Primitive spiny fishes with jaws. • Geologic range: Late Silurian to Permian. Most numerous during the Devonian. Extinct. • Mode of life: Swimmers. Nonmarine.

31. Class Placodermi • Placoderms or "plate-skinned" fishes. • Name: "Placo-" means plate and "derm" means "skin". • Chief characteristics: Fish with jaws and armor plating. • Geologic range: Late Silurian to Late Devonian. Extinct. • Mode of life: Swimmers. Some were large carnivorous predators, such as Dunkleosteus, which grew to about 9 m long Dunkleosteus

32. Class Chondrichthyes - Sharks • Sharks, rays, and skates • Name: From "chondros", meaning "cartilage", and "icthyes" meaning "fish". • Chief characteristics: Cartilaginous fishes.Skeleton made of cartilage not bone. Rarely preserved. • Geologic range: Middle Paleozoic (Late Silurian or Devonian) to Recent. • Mode of life: Swimmers. Marine, except one Late Carboniferous freshwater genus. • The genus Cladoselache, is found in Devonian shales on the southern shore of Lake Erie.

33. Class Osteichthyes - Bony Fishes • Bony fishes • Name: "Osteo" means "bone" and "ichthyes" means "fish". • Chief characteristics: Skeleton of bone, not cartilage. Modern bony fishes are of this type. • Geologic range: Devonian to Recent. • Mode of life: Swimmers. Marine and freshwater. The earliest lived in freshwater. • The most numerous, varied, and successful of all aquatic vertebrates.

34. Class Osteichthyes - Bony Fishes • Bony fishes played a key role in the evolution of tetrapods (four-legged animals). • Two types of bony fish are significant: • Subclass Actinopterygii - the ray-finned fish. • Subclass Sarcopterygii - the lobe-finned fish or lungfish.

35. Subclass Actinopterygii • Ray-finned fish • Dominant fishes in the world today. • No muscular base to the paired fins. • Fins are thin structures supported by radiating rods or rays. • First appeared in Devonian freshwater lakes and streams, and then expanded their geographic range to the sea.

36. Subclass Sarcopterygii- Lobe-finned fish or Lungfish Chief Characteristics: • Leg-like fins:Muscular fins used to "walk" on pond or stream bottoms. • Lungs:A pair of openings in the roof of the mouth led to nostrils.Able to rise to the surface and breathe air with lungs when the water became foul or stagnant. Some had both lungs and gills.

37. Subclass Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned fish or Lungfish • Geologic range: Late Devonian to Recent • Significance: This group gave rise to the amphibians and other tetrapods (four-legged animals). • Types of sarcopterygians: • Order Dipnoi or dipnoans • Order Crossopterygii or crossopterygians– the ancestor of the amphibians

38. Order Dipnoi - dipnoans • Chief characteristics: They can breathe with lungs during the dry season, and can burrow into the mud during droughts. • Name: Dipnoimeans "double breather" • Significance: This group did not lead to tetrapods, but includes interesting freshwater lungfish living today in Australia, Africa and South America. Devonian lungfish, Dipterus

39. Order Crossopterygii - crossopterygians • Chief characteristics: • Short, muscular, paired fins. • Had a single limb bone called the humerus, followed by the radius and ulna in front fins, and the tibia and fibula in hind fins. • The adaptation assisted movement in shallow water, and allowed the fish to move from a stagnant or drying body of water, to another body of water.

40. Order Crossopterygii - crossopterygians • Significance: Considered to be ancestral to the amphibians because of the arrangement of bones in their fins, the pattern of bones of the skull, and the structure of their teeth. Late Devonian crossopterygian lungfish, Eusthenopteron.

41. Types of crossopterygian fish • Rhipidistians - This group led to the amphibians • Coelacanths - Lobe-finned crossopterygian fish invaded the sea and gave rise to coelacanths. Coelacanths were long-believed to be extinct and are considered to be living fossils. One was caught in 1938 near Madagascar. More have been caught since. Latimeria, a modern coelacanth. Tail is similar to that of Eusthenopteron, but very different from that of ray-finned fish.

42. Similarities between Crossopterygian Fish and Amphibians • The same limb bones are present. Early amphibian (left). Crossopterygian fish (right). The major limb bones are coded r, u and h.r = radius u = ulna h = humurus

43. Similarities between Crossopterygian Fish and Amphibians • The same skull bones are present. Crossopterygian fish (left) and the Devonian amphibian, Ichthyostega (right).

44. The Advent of Tetrapods • Tens of millions of generations passed before crossopterygian fish evolved into animals that could live entirely on land. The early tetrapods (four-legged animals) continued to return to water to lay their fish-like, naked eggs. Fish-like tadpoles hatched from these eggs, which used gills for respiration.

45. Anatomical changes associated with the shift from water to land: • Three-chambered heart developed and functioned to pump blood more efficiently to the lungs • Limb and girdle bones altered to support the body above the ground • Spinal column changed to become sturdy but flexible • Fish spiracle (vestigial gill slit) became amphibian eustachian tube and middle ear

46. Anatomical changes associated with the shift from water to land: • Bones of the ear changed to function better in air than in water (modification of hyomandibular bone that propped fish braincase and upper jaw together, into an ear ossicle called the stapes) • Eardrum (tympanic membrane) formed across a notch in the skull

47. Amphibians are interpreted to be descended from crossopterygian fishes because of: • Arrangement of bones in amphibian limbs compared with the fins of crossopterygian fish • Pattern of bones of the skull • Structure of the teeth - highly infolded like a maze (or labyrinth), and called labyrinthodont teeth. • Bones of the spinal column in early forms.

49. Class Amphibia –The Amphibians • Name: "Amphi" means "both" or "double", and "bios" means "life". "Amphibios" means living a double life, referring to living in water and on the land. • Chief characteristics and mode of life: Amphibians can live on the land as adults, but they lay their eggs in water. Young amphibians live in the water and are fish-like (tadpoles).

50. The Amphibians • Geologic range: Late Devonian to Recent. • For 50 million years, from the Late Devonian to the Middle Carboniferous, amphibians were the only vertebrates to the inhabit the land. Some adult amphibians reverted to an aquatic mode of life, while others retained a terrestrial lifestyle.