1 / 34

PCR, Viral and Bacterial Genetics

PCR, Viral and Bacterial Genetics. Chps, 18 and 17. Learning Objectives. Describe the process of PCR Explain the use of gel electrophoresis List the essential components of bacterial DNA Compare and contrast transduction, transformation and conjugation as a means of bacterial gene exchange

jaden-boone
Download Presentation

PCR, Viral and Bacterial Genetics

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. PCR, Viral and Bacterial Genetics Chps, 18 and 17

  2. Learning Objectives • Describe the process of PCR • Explain the use of gel electrophoresis • List the essential components of bacterial DNA • Compare and contrast transduction, transformation and conjugation as a means of bacterial gene exchange • Describe the process of replica plating • Compare and contrast the lytic and lysogenic cyle of bacteriophages • Describe transposons in eukaryotes

  3. Polymerase Chain Reaction • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) • Produces many sequence copies without host cloning • Amplifies known DNA sequences for analysis • Only copies sequence of interest • Primers bracket sequence • Agarose gel electrophoresis • Separates fragments by size and charge • Gel molecular sieve

  4. Cycle 3 Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Produces 8 molecules Produces 4 molecules 2 molecules produced Target sequence Template DNA primers DNA containing target sequence to be amplified New DNA DNA primer These 2 molecules match target DNA sequence DNA primer New DNA Target sequence Template Target sequence Fig. 18-6, p. 378

  5. Animation: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

  6. Micropipettor adding marker DNA fragments to well – – Well in gel for placing DNA sample Agarose gel Buffer solution PCR products already loaded to wells Gel box + + Fig. 18-7a, p. 380

  7. Lane with marker DNA fragments Fig. 18-7b, p. 380

  8. Bacterial and Viral Genetics Chapter 17

  9. Bacterial Genetics • One-celled prokaryotic organisms • Only some are pathogenic (ie, causing diseases) • Many are symbiotic (ie, E. coli) • Some can be infected by viruses (bacteriophages)

  10. Bacterial Genetics • Single circular strand of DNA • Bacteria are haploid • Bacteria do not undergo true sexual reproduction • However, gene exchange and recombination is important for survival and adaptation

  11. Bacterial Genetics • Three main ways to get DNA from one bacteria to another for recombination • Conjugation • Transduction • Transformation

  12. Bacterial Plasmids • Bacteria can recombine DNA with other bacteria of similar strains (conjugation) • The exchange involves plasmids (small circular pieces of DNA) • F+ (fertility) bacteria contain plasmids that allow for transfer

  13. Bacterial Plasmids • To initiate transfer, a bacterium produces a “conjugation bridge”- a tube extends from the F+ (donor) bacterium to the F- (recipient) bacterium • The donor’s plasmid separates, and a complimentary piece travels across the bridge to the recipient bacterium • A complimentary strand is produced by the recipient • The recipient becomes an F+ bacterium

  14. a. Transfer of the F factor Bacterial chromosome An F+ cell conjugates with an F– cell. 1 F factor F+ F– One strand of the F factor breaks at a specific point and begins to move from F+ (donor) to F– (recipient) cell as the F factor replicates. 2 DNA replication of the F factor continues in the donor cell, and a complementary strand to the strand entering the recipient cell begin to be synthesized. 3 When transfer of the F factor is complete, replication has produced a copy of the F factor in both the donor and recipient cells; the recipient has become an F+. No chromosomal DNA is transferred in this mating. 4 Fig. 17-4a, p. 356

  15. Bacterial Plasmids • Sometimes bacterial plasmids (the F factor) can integrate into the bacterial chromosome • This bacterium is called Hfr (high frequency recombination) • This bacterium can conjugate with recipient cells, allowing part of the bacterial DNA to enter the recipient cell • The recipient cell is now partially diploid and double crossover rearrangement can occur

  16. Bacterial Plasmids

  17. b. Transfer of bacterial genes Bacterial chromosome c+ b+ d+ a+ The F+ cell. 1 F factor c+ b+ F factor integrates into the E. coli chromosome in a single crossover event. 2 d+ a+ Bacterial chromosome d– c– a– b– A cell with integrated F factor—an Hfr donor cell —and an F– cell conjugate. These two cells differ in alleles: the Hfr is a+ b+ c+ d+, and F– cell is a– b– c– d–. 3 c+ b+ d+ a+ Hfr cell F– cell Fig. 17-4b (1), p. 356

  18. Bacterial Plasmids: closer look

  19. Mapping Genes by Recombination • Full DNA transfer by conjugation takes 90 to 100 minutes • Partial DNA transfer when sex pilus breaks • Timing of DNA transfer allows mapping of E. coli chromosome, map units are minutes • Order and timing of DNA transfer show E. Coli has circular chromosome

  20. Bacterial Plasmids • Kinds of information carried on plasmids includes: • Resistance to antibiotics (R) • Ability to manufacture amino acids • Fertility factor (F+) - proteins for the conjugation bridge

  21. Bacterial Transformation • Some bacteria have DNA-binding proteins on their cell walls • They can integrate similar bacterial DNA into their own genome • This can be natural or induced in the lab by heat or electroporation (electrical shock)

  22. Bacterial Transduction • DNA may also be carried by bacteriophages • When a bacteriophage is being assembled in an infected cell, it may incorporate pieces of the bacterial DNA into its shell • That DNA is injected along with bacteriophage DNA during the next infection cycle

  23. Bacteriophages • Virulent- always kill their hosts after replication. • Temperate- can live inside host for generations, DNA being replicated in a controlled fashion until activated • Lytic cycle- virus proteins cause viral assembly (both viral and cell DNA) and cell bursts • Lysogenic cycle- quiescent bacterial replication with viral DNA integrated into bacterial chromosome

  24. Replica Plating • Replica plating identifies and counts genetic recombinations in bacterial colonies • Master plate pressed onto sterile velveteen • Velveteen pressed onto replica plates with different growth media • Complete medium has full complement of nutrient substances • Auxotrophic mutants will not grow on media missing particular nutrients

  25. Master plate with complete medium Replica plate with minimal medium Colony growth Fig. 17-5a, p. 359

  26. Bacteriophages • T even phages • Lambda (λ) – temperate phage which reactivates easily with UV light • Lambda phage is used

  27. E. coli Lambda Bacteriophage • Lamba (λ) E. coli bacteriophage • Typical temperate phage with two paths • Lytic cycle goes directly from infection to progeny virus release • Lysogenic cycle integrates λ chromosome into host • Insertion at specific sequences, then crosses over • Prophage viral genome inactive until trigger • Specialized transduction transfer of host genes near λ genome

  28. Lysogenic Cycle Lytic Cycle Stepped Art Fig. 17-8, p. 362

  29. 17.3 Transposable Elements • Insertion sequence elements and transposons major types of bacterial transposable elements • Transposable elements were first discovered in eukaryotes • Eukaryotic transposable elements are classified as transposons or retrotransposons • Retroviruses are similar to retrotransposons

  30. Transposons and TEs • Transposable genetic elements (TE) or jumping genes • Two major types of bacterial TEs: • insertion sequences – inverted repeat sequence and coding for transposase • Transposons- inverted repeat and central genes, including host genes- most notably antibiotic resistance

  31. Transposable Elements • Transposable elements (TEs) • Segments of DNA that move around cell genome • Transposition is movement of TEs, jumping gene • Target site of TE is not homologous with TE • No crossing over • TEs can move in two ways • Cut-and-paste, original TE leaves • Copy-and-paste, original TE stays in place

  32. Why is it important • Proteins for recombination, excision and insertion, replication and packaging provide a “molecular toolkit” for genetic engineering

More Related