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This article explores the key concepts in bacterial genetics, focusing on heredity, genetic variation, and their implications in medicine. We delve into different types of genetic materials such as chromosomes, plasmids, bacteriophages, and transposons. The mechanisms of gene transfer and recombination, including mutation, transformation, conjugation, and transduction, are discussed. Additionally, the relevance of these genetic processes in diagnosing, preventing, and treating bacterial infections is highlighted, along with their applications in epidemiology and molecular biology.
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Heredity and variation • heredity • variation genotype variation phenotype variation
Variation • morphology and structure • virulence • resistance • colony 光滑型菌落（smooth，S） 粗糙型菌落（rough，R）
genetic materials • chromosome • plasmid • bacteriophage，phage • transposon，Tn
Classification of plasmid • 根据细菌的接合作用 （conjugative ，nonconjugative） • 根据质粒的不相容性 （incompatibility） • 根据编码的生物学性状 （fertility，resistance，virulence）
mechanism of bacterial variation • mutation • gene transfer and recombination
mutation • spontaneous mutation • wild strain • wild type • mutant strain • mutation types • reverse mutation） • suppressor mutation）
Transfer and recombination of gene • transformation • conjugation • transduction • generalized • Restricted • lysogenic conversion • protoplast fusion
Application • Diagnosis,prevention and treatment • Detection of tumor • Epidimiology • Molecular biology • Engineering
