Topic 8A Theories and the Measurement of Personality

1. Topic 8A Theories and the Measurement of Personality Personality: An Overview Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality Type Theories of Personality ??? Phenomenological Theories of Personality ????? Behavioral and Social Learning Theories Trait Conceptions of Personality????

2. ??-- ??????????????: ????:???????????????????? ????:???????????????????????????????????????

3. ???? ????: ?????? (maximum performance test) ?????: ??????(typical performance test) 1). ????(projective technique) 2). ?????(self-report inventory) 3). ????(behavioral assessment)

4. ?????? Cronbach(1970) 1). ???? 2). ????????? MMPI(1943) 3). ????? ?????? 4). ???????? ????

5. ???????????:(?????,?88,?????,?????) ????(?TAT)??????(?MMPI)?????????????????OSS????????????????(????????????)?? ???????????????????,?????????????: ?????:?EPPS,?????????,?????????? ?????:?MMPI,CPI ???????Guilford?????????,Cattell?16PF ?????:?Jackson?PRF??????,Jackson Personality Inventory

6. ?????: ???? ?????????: ???????: 1). ??????? 2). ????(response bias) ????(response sets) ????(response styles) 3). ?????

7. ????(response sets)-????????????????????????,????????????????????,??????????????? ????(response styles)-????????,????????????????,?????????????,????????????????

8. ???? ??????,???????? ?????????????:????????????? ?????????????:???????????? ??,??????????????,???????????? (16PF?BIG5???,????????? ??????????)

9. ??????? Personality??(????) It�s an inexplicit construct which is invoked to explain behavioral consistency within persons and behavioral distinctiveness between persons. ????????????????????????????,????????,???????????????????? personality coefficient???? ?????????????????,??????.30?

10. projective test???? It�s a test which the examinee encounters vague, ambiguous stimuli and responds with his or her own constructions. ???????????????,??????????,???????????? projective hypothesis???????????????????????????????,?????????????????? association technique???? ?????????????,????????,????????,???????????HIT,????????? completion technique???? ?????????????,????????????,?????????????????,??????????? construction technique???? ????????,??TAT???????? expression technique???? It�s including the Draw-A-Person or House-Tree-Person test are very popular among clinicians in spite of dubious validity data.???????HTP,????????????,??????

11. ????? Personality??????????,1971????????????????? Allport:????????????????????????,????????????????(1937, P.48) Libert & Libert(1998):??????????????????????,??????????????????? Hans J. Eysenck(1970):????????????????????,??????????????,???????????????

12. Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality????????? Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 ????,?????????? ????????,????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????,???????????(???????)?????? ???????�???????? ???????TAT?????????,?????????????????????(??)?????

13. Freud???????? ??MIND???:ID??,EGO??,SUPER EGO?? ??? ???????,????,???? ???????????? Vaillant?????????:???8.1 psychotic , immature , neurotic, mature

14. Type Theories of Personality ?????? Hippocrates (ca. 460-377B.C.) Sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic ???(??)????(??)????(??)????(??) Sheldon and Stevens (1942) ??????????? Friedman and Rosenman (1974) Type A coronary-prone personality pattern A????????? ???????,???????????????????????,???,???,???????,????????,??????,?????

15. Phenomenological Theories of Personality???????? ??????????????????????????fulfillment theories ??????Husserl(1859-1938)???????Kierkegaard(1813-1855)????? Rogers??????Q??(Q-Sort) ??????,???????? Self-sort?Ideal-sort?????(P.349)

16. Carl Ransom Rogers was an influential American psychologist, who, along with Abraham Maslow, was the founder of the humanist approach to psychology. He was also instrumental in the development of non-directive psychotherapy, which he initially termed Client-Centered Therapy

17. Q-technique Q?? It�s a technique for studying changes in self-concept and other variables by the sorting of statements into a near-normal distribution for assigned categories. ?Stephenson(1953)??,Rogers?????????????????????????,??????????????????????,??????????????????,????????????

18. Behavioral and Social Learning Theories????????? ????????????????? ?????? Rotter (1972)?????????? ??I-E Scale ????? Bandura??(1985) ??????????? Assessment of self-efficacy expectancies

19. self-efficacy???? In Bandura�s theory, the personal judgment of how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations. ????????,????????????????????,?????????????????????

20. Trait Conceptions of Personality??????? Cattell??????????�16PF Eysenck?????????�????????? Goldberg???????OCEAN ??????? P.354 Allport and Odbert (1936) 18000??? ???????????? ?????????? 1.???????????? 2.??????????? ???????? .30

21. Raymond B. Cattell 1905-1998 1946??? ????? 1979???????

22. Raymond Barnard Cattell 1905?????Staffordshire,?????????,????????,1929?????,???Charles Spearman????,????????????????,1937????E. L. Thorndike??????,???Clark, Harvard, Duke????,1944???Illinois????1973???,???Coronado?Boulder????????????????1946??????????1979?1980????????????????????????MAVA?????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????16PF Raymond Bernard Cattell�1905 - 1998

23. Eysenck???????

24. EPI (Eysenck Personality Inventory) MPI ( Maudsley Personality Inventory)??????? ????EPI (Eysenck Personality Inventory) ????????:1975??????? 1. ???? introversion-extroversion 2. ??? neuroticism(?????) 3. ???? psychoticism????????????????? ???:Hans J. Eysenck (1947??????? Dimensions of Personality) Hans J. Eysenck & Sybil B. G. Eysenck (1963) Manual, Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire)Educational and Industrial Testing Service

25. the Big Five extroversion-introversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness (Ewen, 1998) One dissenter from the five-factor theorists was renowned psychologist H. J. Eysenck. Eysenck felt that, due to overlaps in the five factors and their correlates, in fact a three-factor model was more appropriate and accurate. His theory is called the PEN model (which stand for psychoticism, extroversion, neuroticism) (Eysenck, 1991), or sometimes is even shortened to the two factor E-IN model (extroversion-introversion, neuroticism) (Eysenck, 1991). According to Eysenck, "Factor analysis has improved the situation...but the problem of naming factors is of course still with us" (Eysenck, 1991, p. 775).Many psychologists support Eysenck's PEN model. However, of the major "factor-analytic models...the Big Five dominates the landscape of current psychological research" (Ewen, 1998, p. 141).�

26. NEO????NEO-PI-R Costa, P.T. Jr.& McCrae R. R. NEO-PI 1985 1992?? ???????,240??,??3????? ??Form S ?? ?Form R??(???) ?5???(?????????????????????) ??????NEO-FFI Costa, & McCrae,1989,60?? N???(????????????????????????) E???(????????????????????????) O?????(????????????????????) A???(???????????????????) C???(?????????????????????????)

27. Topic 8B ????Projective Techniques The Projective Hypothesis???? A Primer of Projective Techniques?????? Association Techniques ????(???) Completion Techniques ????(???) Construction Techniques ????(???) Expression Techniques ????(???) Reprise: The Projective Paradox Case Exhibit 13.1: Projective Tests as Ancillary to the Interview

28. projective hypothesis???? It�s the assumption that personal interpretations of ambiguous stimuli must necessarily reflect the unconscious needs, motives, and conflicts of the examinee. ????????????????????,???????,??????????????????

29. ??????? 1879 Galton?????????�??????word association test C. G. Jung???????? 1897 Ebbinghaus????????? 1928 Pane;1930 Tendler??????? 1921 Rorschach?? ??????? RIB

30. ??????????paradox(????) 400??????????????15????,??????5?(???8.3 Watkins??,1995 ) , Campbell?McGregor (1988)????APA????????????????????????,??1000?,??630?????18????????,?10????????,?MMPI(1),??????(4),??????(5),?-?-???(7),????(8),??????(9),???????(10.5),16PF(10.5),EPPS(13.5),CPI(15.5) ,??????6? ???????????,????????????????

31. ?8.3 ??????15???

32. Lindzey(1959)???????????????????,????????? (?????????????????,?73,???????) ????????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????????? ?????????,???????????????????????,????????TAT,BLUM?The Blacky? ?????????,????????????Rotter?ISB,Sack?SCT,Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study??????,????????????????????????? ??????,?The Szondi Test??????? (Tomkins, The Picture arrangement Test.),????????????????????? ?????????,????????Buck H-T-P??????World test?,??????????????????

33. ??????Rorschach Ink-blot Test 1. ???????H.??(1884-1922)?1921?????????? ?????????,???????,????????????,????????????????????????????,???????????????,????????????????,??????????????? ???????5???,???????2. ????????????????????????? ?????????????,?????? W. H. Holtzman??????????

34. ?8.4 (??Exner, J. E. Jr. ,1993 ) ????????????

35. ????????(HIT) Holtzman Inkblot Test Wayne H. Holtzman 1961 ????,??45?????,????????,?????,???????.90,??????????,????????????? ??????????:Where & What ??22??????: ????,????????????????????????????????????????????(??????????, ??), ???????????, ??, ?????????????,?????????? ?

36. Completion Techniques ???? 1. ?????? RISB Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank ?3 ???(??,?????) ??40?,?????,??????,????????,???? ??0-6 ???????? ??omission ????Conflict ????Positive ????Neutral

37. Completion Techniques ???? 2. P-F Study??????????? Rosenzweig Picture-Frustration Study ?3 ???(??,??????) ??24????????,???,??????????,???????? ?????????,????????????????? ?3????3??????????(3X3 ????) 3???:extraggressive???? ? Intraggressive????imaggressive 3???:Obstacle-dominant????? ego-defensive?????need-persistent????

38. P-F study ??????????? It�s consists of 24 drawings, each showing two persons in a highly frustrating circumstance. The examinee provides the first verbal response that comes to mind. Objective ratings indicate typical modes of reacting to frustration. Owing to its low reliability, the P-F Study is suited mainly to research. ?24??,????????????,???????,?????????????,?????????????????,????????????????

39. Construction Techniques ???? TAT Thematic Apperception Test ????????????31?????,???(B??;G??;M???;F???)??20?,???,???(?BG;BM;GF;MF) PPT Picture Projective Test CAT Children�s Apperception Test 10????? Blacky Pictures ??????,11?????????????? SAT Senior Apperception Test (Bellak,1992) 16?

40. TAT?????? The TAT consists of 30 pictures that portray variety of subject matters and themes in black-and-white drawings and photographs; one card is blank. The examinee is asked to make up a dramatic story for each picture, including past, present, future, and feeling of the main characters. TAT interpretation usually rests upon clinical-qualitative analysis of story productions. ??30???????????????,???????,??????????????????????????,???????????????????? CAT???????? ?TAT?????,??????3?10????,??10????

41. Expression Techniques ???? DAP Draw-a-Person Test ????(Karen Machover, 1949,1951) ??????????????,???????,??????????,??????,?????????????????? H-T-P The House-Tree-Person Test ???????????,????????? ???????60????(Buck,1981)

42. DAP???? In DAP, the examinee is asked simply to �draw a person. � Interpretation proceeds in a clinical-intuitive manner based upon published hypotheses, for example, a redrawn chin indicates indecision. Another test in a similar vein is the House-Tree-Person (the examinee draws these) for which validity evidence is also meager. ????????,????????????????????????,??????????????;????????HTP,????????

43. ?????????The Projective Paradox 1.????????????????? 2.?????????�????????????????????????? 3.?????????????: ?????????�??????????????? ?????????????,??????????

44. ???? C. Jung(1905) Word Association ???????: 1). ????(association techniques) Rorschach, Word association 2). ????(construction techniques) TAT(Thematic Apperception Test) 3). ????(completion techniques) Sentence Completion Test 4). ????(expressive techniques) Projective Drawing

45. ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????

46. Hermann Rorschach (1884 - 1922) The theory behind the test, created by Hermann Rorschach, is that the test taker's spontaneous or unrehearsed responses reveal deep secrets or significant information about the taker's personality or innermost thoughts.�

47. Rorschach Inkblot Test Hermann Rorschach(1911):Blotto Game supervised by Bleuler: Schizophrenia Rorschach 1917-1918 systematic research initially used 40 cards, 15 cards Rorschach(1921) : �Psychodiagnostik� 10?????????? Rorschach 1922 ?? 37?

48. Rorschach Test ??

49. ?????? David Levy(1926) ?Emil Oberholzer (???,Hermann??) 1). Samuel Beck(1932): Beck�s Manual perceptual cognitive process 2). Marguerite Hertz(1932) 3). B. Klopfer(1936) psychodynamic 4). Zygmunt Piotrowski 5). David Rapapport(1938) ? Roy Schafer(1946) Exner(1969, 1974, 1986, 1993, 2003�.)

50. The nature of Rorschach Test Rorschach�s original view through an integration of memory traces with sensations by the stimulus a conscious realization & process perception and/or apperception process Exner�s view a problem-solving task a decision choice process the response process

51. Response process phases Phase 1 1).Encoding the stimulus field 2).Classifying the encoded image & its parts into potential answers Phase 2 3).Rescanning the field to refine potential answers 4).Discarding unuseable or unwanted answers by paired comparison ranking or censorship Phase 3 5).Final selection from remaining potential answers 6).Articulation of the selected answer

52. Rorschach Test ?? ???:???????? ???:????? ??????????????? � What might this be? � ???:??(??)? ???:??? (Inquiry)

53. Rorschach Test ?? ????(Location) W : whole response D : common detail response Dd : unusual detail response S : space response ????(Developmental Quality) + : synthesized response v/+ : ordinary response o : synthesized response v : vague

54. ????(Determinants) Form F: form answers Movement M: human movement response FM: animal movement response m: inanimate movement reponse Chromatic Color C: pure color response CF: color-form response FC: form-color response Cn: color naming response

55. Achromatic Color C�: pure achromatic color response C�F: achromatic color-form response FC�: form-achromatic color response Shading-Texture T: pure texture response TF: texture-form response FT: form-texture response Shading-Dimension V: pure vista response VF: vista-form response FV: form-vista response

56. Shading-Diffuse Y: pure shading response YF: shading-form response FY: form-shading response Form Dimension FD: form based dimensional response Pairs & Reflections (2): the pair response rF: reflection-form response Fr: form-reflection response Multiple determinants: The Blend

57. ????(Form Quality) About perceptual accuracy +: superior-overelaborated o: ordinary u: unusual -: minus

58. ???? (Contents) H: whole human (H): whole human, fictional or mythological Hd: human detail (Hd): human detail, fictional or mythological Hx: human experience A: whole animal (A): whole animal, fictional or mythological Ad: animal detail (Ad): animal detail, fictional or mythological

59. An: anatomy Art: art Ay: anthropology Bl: blood Bt: botany Cg: clothing Cl: clouds Ex: explosion Fi: Fire

60. Fd: food Ge: geography Hh: household Ls: landscape Na: nature Sc: science Sx: sex Xy: X-ray Id: idiographic contents Multiple contents

61. ????(Popular Responses) Card ?: W Bat or Butterfly Card ?: D1 Animals Card ?: D9 Human figure Card ?: W or D7 Human or human-like figure Card ?: W Bat or Butterfly Card ?: W or D1 Animal skin, hide, rug, or pelt Card ?: D1 or D9 Human head or face Card ?: D1 Whole animal figure Card ?: D3 Human or human-like figure Card ?: D1 Crab or Spider

62. ?????(Organization Activity) Z score 1). ????F(DQ?v/+??) 2). Wv, Do, Dv??Z? ZW: (DQ +, v/+, o) ZA: (two or more adjacent detail areas) ZD: (two or more non-adjacent detail areas) ZS: (space is integrated with other areas)

63. ????(Special Scores) Unusual Verbalizations 1). Deviant verbalizations a). Deviant Verbalization(DV) neologism, redundancy b). Deviant Response(DR) inappropriate phrases, circumstantial responses

64. 2). Inappropriate Combinations a). Incongruous Combination(INCOM) b). Fabulized Combination(FABCOM) c). Contamination(CONTAM) 3). Inappropriate Logic(ALOG) Level 1 � Level 2 differentiation

65. Perseveration and Integration Failure 1). Perseveration (PSV) (?????)????? within card, content, mechanical 2). Confabulation (CONFAB) ?????(???????)??????? Special Content Characteristics 1). Abstract Content(AB) 2). Aggressive Movement(AG)

66. 3). Cooperative Movement(COP) 4). Morbid Content(MOR) Personalized Answers 1). Personal(PER) Special Color Phenomena 1). Color Projection(CP)

67. Rorschach Test ???? The Core Section 1). Lambda (L): L=F/R-F 2). Erlebnistypus (EB): Sum M : Weighted Sum Color WSumC=0.5*FC+1*CF+1.5*C 3). Experience Actual (EA) EA=Sum M + WSumC

68. 4). EB Pervasive (EBPer) EB????????????? 5). Experience Base (eb) Sum FM+m : Sum all C�+all T+all Y+ all V 6). Experienced Stimulation (es) Sum FM+m+all C�+all T+all Y+ all V 7). The D Score (D) EA - es ??? 8). Adjusted es (Adj es) es � Sum m � Sum all Y

69. 9). Adjusted D Score (Adj D) EA � Adj es The Ideation Section 1). Active:Passive Ratio (a:p) Ma+FMa+ma : Mp+FMp+mp 2). M Active: :Passive Ratio (Ma:Mp) Ma : Mp 3). The Intellectualization Index 2AB+(Art+Ay)

70. The Affection Section 1). Form-Color Ratio FC : CF+C 2). Affective Ratio (Afr) ?????????????? 3). Complexity Ratio Blends : R

71. The Mediation Section 1). Conventional Form(X+%) Sum FQx(+ and o) / R 2). Conventional Pure Form(F+%) Sum F + and Fo / R 3). Distorted Form(X-%) Sum FQx- / R 4). White Space Distortion(S-%) Sum SQ- / Sum FQx- 5). Unusual Form(Xu%) Sum FQxu / R

72. The Processing Section 1). Economy Index W : D : Dd 2). Aspirational Ratio W : M 3). Processing Efficiency(Zd) Zsum-Zest

73. The Interpersonal Section 1). Isolation Index(Isolate/R) Bt+2Cl+Ge+Ls+2Na / R 2). Interpersonal Interest H : (H)+Hd+(Hd) 3). (H)+(Hd) : (A)+(Ad) 4). H+A : Hd+Ad The Self Perception Section 1). Egocentricity Index 3r+(2) / R

74. Special Indices S-Constellation: Suicide Potential SCZI: Schizophrenia Index DEPI: Depression Index CDI: Coping Deficit Index HVI: Hypervigilance Index OBS: Obsessive Style Index