LEOCT Review 201 9

1. LEOCT Review 2019 Study Guide will be warm-ups for awhile and will count for two grades: daily and homework. Be sure to write DEFINITIONS and EXAMPLES.

2. Poetry Review

3. alliteration • Definition: Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words found in poetry and prose • Think of tongue twisters: Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers… *It may only be a few words and they might NOT be right next to each other (cotton cove /Fisher hunt feeds tales for camp­fire) *It is not repetition-must be different words ("Oh, woeful, oh woeful, woeful, woeful day! --Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet) • Example :Go to page 244 in Life of Pi and pull three examples.

4. assonance Short e sound Ou makes the ow sound Long i sound Consonance: When consonants repeat in the middle or at the ends of words.

5. Assonance example #2:Identify the words that indicate assonance. • A land laid waste with all its young men slain

6. Consonance • Definition: The repetition of the same consonant sound anywhere in a word. • Example: I think I like the pinkkite. • “Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectile

7. Couplet: a pair of successive lines of verse, especially a pair that rhyme and are of the same length (meter-# of syllables).

8. Couplet Example #2Where is the couplet? • “Look in thy glass, and tell the face thou viewestNow is the time that face should form another;Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest,Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother,For where is she so fair whose unear’d womb …….But if thou live, remember’d not to be,Die single, and thine image dies with thee.” • (Sonnet III by William Shakespeare)

9. Figurative Language Review Write the term, definition, and example in your notes

10. repetition • Definition: Intentional use of a word, a phrase, or a clause more than once in poetry or prose. • Used deliberately, repetition can be an effective rhetorical strategy for achieving emphasis.  • Example: Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech “I have a Dream”

11. Metaphor: a figure of speech in which something is compared to something else entirely to draw a comparison: “A mighty fortress is our God.”

12. Metaphor Example 2: • “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts.”(Shakespeare’s As You Like It) • Shakespeare compares _____ to _____.

13. Metaphor Example #3 • “Bobby Holloway says my imagination is a three-hundred-ring circus. Currently I was in ring two hundred and ninety-nine, with elephants dancing and clowns cart wheeling and tigers leaping through rings of fire. The time had come to step back, leave the main tent, go buy some popcorn and a Coke, bliss out, cool down.”(Dean Koontz, Seize the Night. Bantam, 1999) Koontz compares _____ to _____.

14. Extended Metaphor A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph, or lines in a poem. It is often comprised of more than one sentence, and sometimes consists of a full paragraph.

15. Ferrell compares _____ to _____. He describes how his life was ______by saying he _____. He compares his _____ to _____.

16. Simile • A comparison of two unlike things using “Like” or “As” • Ex: She was as fierce as a lion. • Ex: She was moving quietly like a sly fox.

17. Words that imitate sounds…

18. Personification • Giving human characteristics to something NON-human • Example: In the story “There Will Come Soft Rains,” the house is personified-it quivers and talks

19. Hyperbole

20. Allusion • A reference to something well known.

21. Situational irony

22. Dramatic Irony Definition: When the audience knows something a character does not know.

23. Verbal Irony Definition: When someone says the opposite of what they really mean.

24. setting Examples: To Kill a Mockingbird: 1930’s; Maycomb, Alabama (Jim Crow era) Ecology of a Cracker Childhood: Baxley, Georgia; 1960’s to present Life of Pi: Pacific Ocean; 1977

25. theme Example (select one): DEFINITION:

26. Tone vs. Mood • #3 Tone • Definition: writer's attitude. The writer’s attitude oftentimes shifts throughout the work. *Often an author's tone is described by adjectives, such as: cynical , depressed , sympathetic , cheerful , outraged , positive, angry , sarcastic , prayerful , ironic , solemn , vindictive , intense , excited . Example: In Life of Pi, Yann Martel’s tone is optimistic yet realistic as he tells Pi’s tale of survival. In TKAM, Harper Lee’s tone is _____ when __________. • #9 Mood is the atmosphere created in a piece of writing POSITIVE MOOD WORDS NEGATIVE MOOD WORD BOUNCY CRANKY CALM BARREN CHEERFUL COLD CHIPPER LONELY CONFIDENT JEALOUS CONTEMPLATIVE Example: In Part II of Life of Pi, one mood described is depressing when Pi and Richard Parker waste away to nearly nothing. In Part III of Life of Pi, one mood described is _____ when __________.

27. Rhetoric Review

28. What is a rhetorical device? Definition: A rhetorical device is the use of words in a certain way to convey meaning or to PERSUADE. It can also be a technique to evoke an emotion on the part of the reader or audience.  Common Examples: • LOGOS, ETHOS, PATHOS • Metaphors, extended metaphors, analogies, symbols: comparisons • Allusions: (biblical…Greek mythology, philosophers, previous world leaders (Hitler, Roosevelt), etc. • Anecdotes:little stories • Parallel Structure:to reinforce a point or using lists to strengthen an argument • Diction:WORD CHOICE • Repetition: Anaphora-fancy form of repetition

29. Logos Definition: Appeal to reason or logic (evokes a rational response) • An argument in favor of keeping abortion legal may cite the May 2011 Pew Research poll that found 54 percent of Americans in favor of legal abortion.  • “Alaska’s roads are in a state of disrepair. Without quality roads, our transportation system will falter and hinder our economy. Hence, we must use more state funds to pay for road repairs.” Example: What does Creon use as logos in his speech? “…no traitor is going to be honored with the loyal man” (1.1.48).

30. "As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results.“ Example: How does Creon attempt to establish ethos in his opening speech? Is it effective? Creon can really only use the fact that he is “next in blood” to establish his credibility as the next ruler. He says himself “that no Ruler can expect complete loyalty from his subject until he has been tested in office” (1.1.20-21). So, he has not necessarily established ethos at this point.

31. Pathos Definition: Appeal to emotion (of course, meant to evoke emotional response) • “Imagine for a moment a tragic collision on the Parks Highway. A family is killed and many others are injured. The cause is determined to be frost heaves. We must use more state funds to pay for road improvements.” Example: Creon establishes pathos by saying how Polyneices intended “to spill the blood of his blood and sell his own people into slavery…” (1.1.42-43).

32. Argumentative Writing

33. Persuasive (argumentative) essay: The purpose is to persuade readers to accept a certain view or to undertake a certain action. • Information is arranged by defining the issue, showing both sides of the argument (COUNTERARGUMENT), and taking a clear stand on the issue • Written in 3rd person (using “it”, “he”, “she”, “they”) • uses formal language to discuss someone or something Six Steps in the process of writing a Persuasive Essay: • Step 1. Organizing your Thoughts (Brainstorming) • Step 2. Researching your Topic • Step 3. Developing a Thesis Statement • Step 4. Writing the Introduction • Step 5. Writing the Body of the Essay • Step 6. Writing the Conclusion Sample Topics: o Discuss the value of being a vegetarian o Argue for or against the legalization of abortion

34. counterargument WHAT IT IS: Addressing potential objections to your argument in a persuasive/argumentative essay. WHY DO IT: It shows that you are a reasonable person who has considered both sides of the debate that ultimately makes an essay more persuasive. Possible Topics: o Discuss the value of being a vegetarian • If my argument is in favor of being a vegetarian, what might my opponent say that I could include in a counterclaim? o Argue for or against the legalization of abortion • If I am against legalization of abortion, what might my opponent say that I could include in a counterclaim?

35. Parenthetical citations (a.k.a. In-text or MLA (Modern Language Association) citations) • WHY???? • We use parenthetical citations to cite our sources within our papers to avoid plagiarism. When a teacher asks you to use textual evidence in your paper, this means you can use direct quotes or paraphrase information. Definition: Documentation or giving credit for sources IN your paper to avoid plagiarism. MLA format uses author’s last name followed by page number in parentheses. Example: “There were sharks every day, mainly makos and blue sharks…” (Martel 217).

36. Grammar Review

37. Parallelism: Parallel Structure Definition: repetition of grammatical structures in a series Judy loves hiking, biking, and swimming. *series contains three gerunds (-ing ending; verbs that act like nouns) Examples: Correct the following: •  The dog was excited: running, barking, and he chased after the boys. • The apartment was filled with old newspapers, broken bottles, and the ashtrays were overflowing. • Mary wanted to paint her office, to add some new draperies, and the carpet need cleaning.

38. Misplaced Modifier To fix, simple move the modifier next to the word it actually modifies: My friend took photos as the volcano erupted spitting out hot lava.

39. Dangling Modifier: To fix, add a subject. While I was waiting for the bus, the time went by slowly.

40. Subject/Verb agreement • BASIC Rule: A singular subject (she, Bill, car) takes a singular verb (is, goes, shines), whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb. • Example:The list of items is/are on the desk. • *If you know that list is the subject which is singular, then you will choose is for the singular verb. 1. Each of the girls (look-looks) good on skis. 2. Everybody (was-were) asked to remain quiet. 3. Neither of the men (is-are) here yet. 4. (Is-Are) each of the girls ready to leave? 5. Several of the sheep (is-are) sick. 6. Some members of the faculty (is-are) present. 7. Nobody in the class (has-have) the answer. 8. Each of the girls (observe-observes) all the regulations. 9. All of the milk (is-are) gone. 10. Most of the seats (was-were) taken.

41. Key 1. Each of the girls (look-looks) good on skis. 2. Everybody (was-were) asked to remain quiet. 3. Neither of the men (is-are) here yet. 4. (Is-Are) each of the girls ready to leave? 5. Several of the sheep (is-are) sick. 6. Some members of the faculty (is-are) present. 7. Nobody in the class (has-have) the answer. 8. Each of the girls (observe-observes) all the regulations. 9. All of the milk (is-are) gone. 10. Most of the seats (was-were) taken. • 1. looks • 2. was • 3. is • 4. is • 5. are • 6. are • 7. has • 8. observes • 9. is • 10. were

42. Vocabulary in Context Use CONTEXT CLUES to determine the meaning of the underlined word in this passage: 1) The union members were so despondent over recent government laws restricting the powers of unions that they all felt that they should no longer fight for union rights. a. happy b. hopeful c. helplessly sad d. surprised

43. READ, READ, READ! • TAKE YOUR TIME… DO NOT WRITE ON THE TEST!