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Consumer Batteries

Chemistry of Batteries. Galvanic CellsDaniell CellRechargeable Batteries. Nickel Cadmium(NiCd). NiCd batteries are the most commonly used rechargeable batteriesUsed where long life, high discharge rate and economical price are importantCadmium anode, nickel-hydroxide cathode, alkaline electrolyteHigh currents at relatively constant voltage Low capacity (450-900 mAh)Low energy density (40-60 Wh/kg)Low shelf life, discharges quickly (20% per month)High cycle life (1550)Moderate overch24

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Consumer Batteries

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    1. Consumer Batteries Derrick Chou Derek Juang Jed Kim Julia Wang EE164, Fall 2002: with Dr. Ybarra

    2. Chemistry of Batteries Galvanic Cells Daniell Cell Rechargeable Batteries

    3. Nickel Cadmium(NiCd) NiCd batteries are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries Used where long life, high discharge rate and economical price are important Cadmium anode, nickel-hydroxide cathode, alkaline electrolyte High currents at relatively constant voltage Low capacity (450-900 mAh) Low energy density (40-60 Wh/kg) Low shelf life, discharges quickly (20% per month) High cycle life (1550) Moderate overcharge tolerance Very sensitive to memory effect Low cost Contains toxic material, need special disposal

    4. Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) Provides incremental improvements in capacity over the NICAD at the expense of reduced cycle life and lower load current Hydrogen storage metal alloy anode, nickel oxide cathode, potassium hydroxide electrolyte 30-40% greater capacity than NiCd (1100-1600 mAh) Moderate energy density (60-80 Wh/kg) Low shelf life, discharges quickly (30% per month) High cycle life (500-600) Low overcharge tolerance Moderate cost

    5. Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Fragile technology requiring protector circuit for overcharge (when charged, voltage still rises) Used where very high energy density is needed and cost is secondary High capacity(50% more than NiCd) Light weight (20-35% less than NiMH) Long shelf life (won’t discharge) Memory-effect resistant Expensive Lifespan is 12-18 months Environmentally Friendly

    6. Lithium Polymer (Li Poly) Most advanced battery technology Only hybrid versions are available in today’s market More resistant to overcharge (less chance for electrolyte leakage) Currently no cost advantage over Li Ion, but potential for lower cost Can be made into any shape, any size (ultra slim geometry for cell phones)

    7. Rechargeable Battery Comparison

    9. Lead Batteries The battery industry is the largest consumer of lead in the world. 98 percent of a lead battery is recyclable. Lead emissions from battery manufacturing account for less than one percent of the country's total estimated lead emissions, even though battery manufacturing accounts for more than 80 percent of lead usage in the country. Body takes in lead in two ways: 1. Ingestion 2. Inhalation

    10. Recycling Chart

    11. Lead Acid Battery Closed Loop Life Cycle 60 to 80 percent recycled lead and plastic Indefinite Cycle

    13. Recycling Process Hammermill breaks it apart. Plastic – melt then make small pellets. Lead – melt and remove impurities. Sulfuric Acid 1. Neutralized 2. Convert to Sodium Sulfate

    14. Federal Hazardous Waste Requirement Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, Toxicity. Hazardous if one or more of the above characteristics are present.

    15. RBRC Rechargeable Batteries Recycling Corporation Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-MH) Lithium Ion (Li-ion) Small Sealed Lead (Pb)*

    16. Nickel-Cadmium Highly toxic, carcinogenic Can accumulate up marine food webs Therefore affect people who eat seafood It may lead to potentially fatal kidney and liver problems, brittle bones, and reproductive disorders

    17. Lithium Ion/Lithium Polymer Completely discharged lithium batteries can be safely disposed of in the landfills.

    18. Ignitability It is a liquid and has a flash point of less than 140 degrees ; It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard temperature and pressure, of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard; It is an oxidizer (as defined in Title 29 CFR 1910.1200(C)).

    19. Corrosivity if a representative sample of the waste is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5.

    20. Reactivity It is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent changes without detonating; It reacts violently with water; It forms potentially explosive mixtures with water; When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases, vapors, or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment; It is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5, can generate toxic gases, vapors, or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a danger to human health or the environment; or It is capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or reaction at standard temperature and pressure.

    21. Toxicity

    22. Beyond Batteries Fuel Cells (Micro-Fuel Cells) Endlessly Rechargable Hydrogen reacting with oxygen in air Water as waste product

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