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Understanding ATP, Photosynthesis, and Respiration

Learn about the vital roles of ATP, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration in producing and utilizing energy in cells. Dive deep into the processes, equations, and key concepts of these essential biological functions.

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Understanding ATP, Photosynthesis, and Respiration

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  1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION

  2. What is ATP? • ATP = Adenosine TriPhosphate • Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates Phosphate Adenine Ribose Triphosphate ADENOSINE

  3. P P P P P Why ATP? • Phosphates have a large amount of chemical energy. Whenever a bond holding a phosphate is broken, a large amount of usable cellular energy is released. P ADENOSINE ENERGY ADENOSINE

  4. ATP CYCLE • Occurs continuously in cells • About 10 million new ATP molecules are made in every cell every second!!! 2. Releasing EnergyEnergy released by breaking bonds – used to power cells • Stored EnergyEnergy stored in chemical bonds. 4. Making ATP Energy released by other chemical reactions and processes can be used to bond a phosphate to ADP to make ATP 3. Energy DepletedADP has less chemical energy than ATP ADP + P

  5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Series of complex chemical processes that convert light energy into carbohydrates • Overall Equation light + H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2 • Occurs in Chloroplasts • Two types of reactions – Light Dependent Light Independent (aka. Calvin Cycle, Dark rxn)

  6. Photosynthesis Overview • Fill in the picture on the top left of notes as animation plays • http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/animations/0054.swf

  7. FOCUS On . . • Light dependent reaction Occurs in thylakoid membrane • Photolysis of H2O Light + 2H2O 4H+ + O2 • Make NADPH & ATP • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter10/animations.html#

  8. FOCUS On . . • Light Independent Reaction – CALVIN CYCLE Occurs in Stroma of Chloroplast • Use of CO2 to create Glucose (C6H12O6) • Use of ATP & NADPH from Light reactions • ATP for energy to power chemical reactions • NADPH – hydrogen source to add to CO2 to make sugars • Must cycle through 6 times in order to create one glucose molecule • http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/animations/0055.swf

  9. Falcon Five 10/20 – Test your photosynthetic knowledge: • The Calvin Cycle includesa. Light dependent rxns b. electron transport chain c. light independent rxns • The Calvin Cycle takes place in thea. mitochondria b. stroma c. nucleus d. thylakoid membrane • What product of the light dependent rxn is used in the Calvin Cyclea. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. NADPH d. chlorophyll • What is used in the first step of the Calvin Cyclea. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. hydrogen d. water • How many rounds of the Calvin Cycle are needed to form one glucose molecule?a. one b. six c. two d. three • Describe the two energy storing steps of photosynthesis.

  10. Cellular Respiration • Where does the Glucose (C6H12O6) & O2 from photosynthesis go? • Used by both plant & animal cells to create ATP!!! • Releases energy • Makes cell energy • Close to the reverse of photosynthesis ! Cellular Respiration Equation O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

  11. Cellular Respiration • 3 step process • Glycolysis • Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  12. 2 ATP 2 ADP Step 1: GLYCOLYSIS 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2 - Pyruvate 2 - PGAL 2 NAD 2 NADH • Occurs in Cytoplasm of cell • Anaerobic process (no O2 required) • Net production of 2 ATP (make 4 but use 2) • Releases only 2% of chemical energy that is stored in Glucose

  13. Step 2: Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle • Occurs in Mitochondria Matrix • Requires presence of O2 • 2 Pyruvate from Glycolysis transformed into Acetyl CoA & enters cycle • Net production of: • 2 ATP • 2 FADH • 6 NADH

  14. Step 3 – Electron Transport Chain • Remaining energy of glucose in electrons carried by NADH & FADH • NADH & FADH enter electron transport chain in mitochondria cristae • Produce 32 more ATP From Alteration of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA From Krebs Cycle

  15. Summary of Cellular Respiration CO2 In Cristae In Matrix H2O 32 2 2

  16. What if there is not enough or no O2 present? • Alcoholic Fermentation (Yeast) Pyruvate + NADH → Ethanol + NAD + CO2 Used in baking, beer & wine production • Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH → Lactic Acid + NAD Strenuous exercise = can’t get all the O2 your cells need so use lactic acid fermentation = Sore muscles!!!

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