Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Objectives • Explainthe importance of the study of environmental science. • DescribeEarth’s major layers. • Explainthe natural functions of the ozone layer and greenhouse effect. • Summarizethe ways in which biologists measure biodiversity. • Discussthe value of biodiversity.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers • Earth’s geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere are interconnected in many ways. • Together, these parts make up the biosphere, the part of the Earth wherelife exists.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued • Atmosphere • Important parts of the atmosphere are greenhouse gases, which trap heat on Earth, and the ozone layer, which shields Earth from UV radiation.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued • Climate and Atmosphere • The atmosphere’s ability to trap heat in this way is called the greenhouse effect.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 The Greenhouse Effect

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued • Hydrosphere • A very small portion of the hydrosphere is fresh water, and much of this fresh water is not easily usable.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued • Geosphere • Thegeosphereexchanges materials with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Earth’s Layers, continued • Biosphere • Thebiosphereincludes all parts of Earth where life exists.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity • Biodiversityrefers to the variety of life found in an area.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity, continued • Measuring Biodiversity • Biodiversitycan be measured in different ways, including by species richness, species evenness, and genetic diversity.

Section 1 An Interconnected Planet Chapter 22 Biodiversity, continued • Valuing Biodiversity • Biodiversity is valued for various reasons.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Objectives • Describemajor consequences of air pollution. • Relateair pollution to effects on global climate. • Describehow chemical pollutants may undergo the process of biological magnification. • Identifythe primary causes of modern extinctions. • Explainwhy extinctions and ecosystem disruption are of concern to humans. • Relatehuman resource use to its impacts on ecosystems.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution • Over a short time period, human activities have affected global ecosystems in ways that harm humans and other species. • Human impacts range from local pollution to global change in ecosystems.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued • Ozone Thinning • Industrial chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) act as catalysts in chemical reactions that break down O3 molecules in the ozone layer. • Most countries have banned CFCs, and the ozone layer seems to be recovering.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ozone “Hole” Over Antarctica

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ozone and Ecosystems Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued • Global Warming • The correlation of increasing atmospheric CO2 and rising global temperature suggests a cause-and-effect relationship. • Considering several types of evidence, many scientists have concluded that increased CO2 levels have caused warmer surface temperatures on Earth.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Global Warming Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued • Acid Precipitation • Certain air pollutants cause acid precipitation, which harms or kills many organisms.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Pollution, continued • Land and Water Pollution • The release of toxic chemicals, such as DDT, into the biosphere can impact ecosystems in many ways, especially when chemicals undergo biological magnification.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Biological Magnification of DDT

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Biological Magnification of Toxins Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ecosystem Disruption, continued • Extinction • Human impacts on the environment are causing an increasing number of extinctions. • Important causes of extinctions are habitat destruction, the transfer of invasive species to new habitats, harvesting, and hunting. • This loss of species has both known and unknown effects on ecosystems.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Ecosystem Disruption, continued • Ecosystem Imbalances • Species such as the sea otter that affect many other species in a community are calledkeystone species.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 Human Resource Use • Current levels of human resource use are probably not sustainable.

Section 2 Environmental Issues Chapter 22 World Population Growth Patterns

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Objectives • Statethe goals of conservation and restoration biology. • Describeexamples of efforts to protect species and their habitats. • Summarizeinternational strategies for protecting entire ecosystems. • Discussthe roles of governments and laws in addressing environmental problems. • Listseveral things that individuals can do to help solve environmental problems.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology • Conservation biologists are concerned with identifying and maintaining ecosystems, while restoration biologists are usually involved with repairing badly damaged ecosystems.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued • Species and Habitats • A bioindicatoris a species that is especially sensitive to ecological change.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation and Restoration Biology, continued • Case Study: Saving the Whooping Crane • Populations of many migratory birds, such as the whooping crane, are in decline because of human activities. • However, some populations are recovering as a result of legal protection, breeding programs, habitat restoration, and international partnerships.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Protecting Ecosystems • Biodiversity Hotspots • International and cooperative efforts to preserve habitat and prevent extinctions include identifying biodiversity hotspots, making debt-for-nature swaps, and promoting ecotourism.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Governments and Laws • Environmental problems can be addressed through the efforts of governments and laws.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Private Efforts and Cooperation • Environmental problems can be addressed through the combined efforts of governments, scientists, businesses, and individuals.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation Case Study: The Everglades • The Everglades restoration project is the most ambitious ecosystem-wide restoration project attempted in the United States.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Your Role in the Environment • No one can predict our environment’s future, but it is clear that individuals can make a difference in its fate. • Thus, it is important for you, as an individual, to understand your role in the environment and to take responsibility for that role.

Section 3 Environmental Solutions Chapter 22 Conservation Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

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