SCIENCE BOOT CAMP

1. SCIENCE BOOT CAMP FEBRUARY 23, 2012

2. EARTH SCIENCE

3. http://rpdp.net/sciencetips_v2/

4. UNIFYING CONCEPT A • Earth systems have internal and external sources of energy, both of which create heat. • KEY VOCABULARY: FUSION FISSION GEOTHERMAL SOLAR ENERGY

5. So what are the sources of Earth’s energy? Radioactive Decay SUN

6. SUN’ CORE • FUSION ‘coming together’ HYDROGEN + HYDROGEN = HELIUM + ENERGY NOTE: You need tremendous heat and pressure Fusion occurs in the sun’s core

7. INSIDE THE EARTH • GEOTHERMAL : “earth’s heat” • Radioactive minerals decaying, giving off heat • This process is called FISSION ‘splits apart’ • UNSTABLE ATOM SPLITS, RELEASES ENERGY

8. FISSION OF A URANIUM ATOM

9. What does this heat do? • Sun’s energy – heats the atmosphere • Drives the water cycle • Drives weather and climate • Earth’s geothermal energy– keeps the interior molten • Drives Plate Tectonics

10. E.12.A ‘BIG IDEA’ • Students understand heat and energy transfer in and out of the atmosphere and influence weather and climate. • KEY VOCABULARY CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION

11. KEY VOCABULARY

12. CONCEPT A (continued) • Driven by sunlight and Earth's internal heat, a variety of cycles connect and continually circulate energy and material through the components of the earth systems. • WATER CYCLE • CARBON DIOXIDE – OXYGEN CYCLE • NITROGEN CYCLE

13. WATER CYCLE KEY VOCABULARY EVAPORATION LIQUID TO A GAS WATER VAPOR INTO ATMOSPHERE CONDENSATION GAS TO LIQUID CLOUDS PRECIPITATION RAINFALL INFILTRATION WATER SINKING INTO THE GROUND GROUND WATER

14. Carbon Dioxide – Oxygen Cycle • KEY VOCABULARY: • PHOTOSYNTHESIS • RESPIRATION

15. 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy -----> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

17. A1. Sun's Energy • Students know the Sun is the major source of Earth’s energy, and provides the energy driving Earth’s weather and climate.

19. KEY VOCABULARY • SCATTERED • By molecules in the atmosphere • Nitrogen gas • Oxygen gas • Water Vapor • Carbon Dioxide • Dust/pollution

20. ABSORBED • By the surface (natural and man made)

21. RADIATED • Heat released by the surface

22. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE BOUNDARIES : REVERSAL OF THE TEMPERATURE TREND WARMEST: THERMOSPHERE COOLEST: MESOSPHERE OZONE LAYER TOUCHES EARTH’S SURFACE – Weather happens here

23. If it were only that easy!! • Earth’s surface is unevenly heated • MAJOR REASONS: • We live on a giant sphere • The planet is tilted • We have land and water surfaced being heated

24. EARTH’S TILT • We are tilted at 23 ½ degrees from vertical

26. RESULTS: 3 MAJOR CLIMATE ZONES OF THE WORLD POLAR TEMPERATE TROPICAL TEMPERATE POLAR

27. SURFACES HEAT DIFFERENTLY • WATERHeats more slowly, cools more slowly • LAND Heats more quickly, cools more quickly

28. A2. EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE • Students know the composition of Earth’s atmosphere has changed in the past and is changing today.

29. EVOLUTION OF ATMOSPHERE • First atmosphere very poisonous • METHANE, AMONIA (compounds with lots of Hydrogen) • Appearance of photosynthetic organisms started to build up oxygen levels • STROMATOLITES • Today’s composition • MOSTLY NITROGEN GAS

31. A3: Greenhouse effect • Students understand the role of the atmosphere in Earth’s greenhouse effect.

32. KEY VOCABULARY: Greenhouse Effect • Process where heat becomes trapped • MAIN GREENHOUSE GAS (Molecule that traps the heat coming from the sun) WATER VAPOR

33. We like this greenhouse effect • Keeps the planet within a comfortable temperature range • Without it – during the day it would be brutally hot, during the night freezing cold all the time.

35. TODAY’S CONCERN • NOTED INCREASE IN CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS

36. Where does this carbon dioxide come from?? • Burning fossil fuels • KEY VOCABULARY: FOSSIL FUEL is a non-renewable energy source, hydrocarbons such as wood, coal, oil, and natural gas • When we burn these fuels, we release carbon dioxide

37. CO2 in Geologic time

38. CURRENT DEBATE • Is the present increase in carbon dioxide levels due to man, or are we in a normal geologic cycle? • If the average temperature for the earth increase, what effect will this have on ….. • Weather - Plants/Animals • Climate - Disease • Sea levels - unforeseen consequences

39. A4. Moving heat in our atmosphere • Students know convection and radiation play important roles in moving heat energy in the Earth system.

41. A5: Wind and Ocean Currents • Students know Earth’s rotation affects winds and ocean currents. KEY VOCABULARY ROTATION CORIOLIS EFFECT

42. Bands of wind

43. Affect on ocean currents OCEAN CURRENTS: If the current starts at the equator it will be warm If the current starts at the poles it will be cold

44. UNIFYING CONCEPT B • Solar System and Universe • The universe is a dynamic system of matter and energy. The universe is extremely large and massive with its components separated by vast distances. • Tools of technology will continue to aid in the investigation of the components, origins, processes and age of the universe

45. Earth is one part in our solar system, which is within the Milky Way galaxy. • The Sun is the energy-producing star for our solar system. • Most objects in our solar system are in predictable motion, resulting in phenomena such as day/night, year, phases of the moon, tides, and eclipses.

46. E.12.B ‘BIG IDEA’ • Students know scientific theories of origins and evolution of the universe. KEY VOCABULARY: BIG BANG THEORY

47. The major premise of the Big Bang theory is that the universe was once in an extremely hot and dense state that expanded rapidly (aka "Big Bang") Happened around 13.7 billion years ago

48. Components of the Universe • B1. Students know common characteristics of stars • KEY VOCABULARY: • STAR – • ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM • MAIN SEQUENCE STARS

49. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: All of the energy coming form the sun

50. Characteristics of stars • BRIGHTNESS • COLOR • SURFACE TEMPERATURE • SIZE • MASS