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WISCONSIN INDIANS

Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)
Menominee
Oneida
Stockbridge-Munsee (Mohicans)
Potawatomi
Chippewa (Lake Superior)

Bad River Band
Lac Courte Oreilles Band
Lac du Flambeau Band
Red Cliff Band
Sokaogon (Mole Lake) Band
St. Croix Band

Review: Band/ Tribe/ Nation

Tribe is a Nation
Band (basic unit, average 5-6 clans)
Confederacy is also a Nation (groups of tribes that come together)

Recap Culture

Family
Political
Religion
Language

Family

Clan Structure

Maternal or Paternal
Economy organized around the clan
If a clan member needs help and you can…you must.
Exogamous (have to marry outside of clan)

Political

Chiefs

War (Red), only Chief on War parties
Peace (White), diplomats and bringing people together
You become chief if people follow you, convince them you have better ideas…etc)

Calumet

Peace Pipe: Fictive Kinship, when smoked with someone else, you treat each other as clan members

Lex Talionis (Eye for an Eye)

Clans enforce this principle
Justice is clan based

Religion

Purity and Balance
Fire and Water
Green Corn Ceremony
Ethics, Morality, and Religion are tied together, and can not be separated.

Language

The Indians of Wisconsin, due to coming from various places, spoke many different dialects

Algonquian
Iroquoian
Siouan
Ojibwe/Chippewa

Ho-Chunk History

People called them Winnebago (Stinky people), they for obvious reasons prefer Ho-Chunk (big voice or people of the sacred language)
In 1634, Jean Nicolet encounters the Ho-Chunk people in Green Bay
1837, Ho-Chunk people ceded their land to the whites, although Tribal leaders argued that the treaty was no valid due to misinterpretation and were forced to move off their lands.

Ho-Chunk Today

In 1963, The Wisconsin Winnebago Nation became federally recognized due to the Reorganization Act of 1934.
Today approximately 6,100 people are enrolled as tribal members
The Ho-Chunk people also fear the loss of their language

Menominee History

In 1634 Jean Nicolet visited the Menominee Nation (the first European to do so)
1848, Treaty of Poygan was signed

Ceded 4.5 million acres to the US and forced them to go to Minnesota, although Chief Oshkosh refused.

1892, Dam was built on the Wolf River, which prohibited the Sturgeon to go to their spawning grounds, which left the people without their main food source.

Menominee Today

On June 17, 1954 The Menominee Termination Act was signed into law which provided the Menominee the right to control their own Reservation.
Then in 1973, The Menominee Restoration Act was signed.

Provided the Menominee with full tribal status as a sovereign nation.

Oneida History

“People of the Standing Stone”
Played a major role in the American Revolution (Patriot Side).
Part of the Iroquois Confederacy
Due to a falling out with the Six Nations and a treaty with the US and Menominee, the Oneidas came to Wisconsin

Oneida Today

Turtle School
15,000 members and growing
Cool Fact: Oneida Tribal Member Tom Skenandore was the first professional football player employed by the team today known as the Green Bay Packers

Stockbridge- Munsee HistoryBand of Mohicans

In 1609, The Stockbridge were the first tribe that Henry Hudson came in contact with.
Like the Oneida, they played an important role in the winning of the American Revolution.
Left New York in the 1700’s and came to Wisconsin.

Stockbridge- Munsee TodayBand of Mohicans

1,500+ members today
Cool Fact: The first public school teacher in Wisconsin was Electa Quinney (Stockbridge Indian)

Potawatomi History

43 Treaties were made with them, more than any other tribe or band.
Closely related to Chippewa and Ottawa
Moved around the least
Separate Language

Potawatomi Today

Today they are located in the UP Michigan, Wisconsin, Kansas, and Oklahoma
1,200 + Tribal Members Today

Chippewa

“Keeper of the Faith”
Settlements began in the 1700’s
Origin of the Dream Catcher
Also known as Ojibwa

Bad RiverChippewa

1854, Treaty with US created Bad River Reservation
Main Staple- Wild Rice
Preservation of land and air is a major concern of these people.

Lac Courte OreillesChippewa

1854- The Treaty of LaPointe established specific territorial rights of the LCO
The LCO, ousted the Sioux and took their lands as the LCO pushed westward
“Lac Courte Oreilles” means “short ears” because the Ojibwe in that area did not wear earrings.
Harvest Cranberries (1,500-3,000 barrels each year.)

Lac du FlambeauChippewa

Location of the sacred “Strawberry Island” (the place of the little people)

At this island, the last battle with the Sioux occurred in 1745.
In 1966, the island through archaeological survey was determined to have artifacts dating back to 200 B.C.
Fact: The world’s largest Sturgeon was speared on the Reservation (7ft 1 in, 195 ibs, 40 inches around)

Red CliffChippewa

1854, As stated before, The Treaty of LaPointe, established the Red Cliff Reservation
1866, President Andrew Jackson by executive order expanded the Reservation
Red Cliff is known as the “hub of the Chippewa Nation”
Approximatley 5,000 people are members of the Red Cliff Band

Sokaogon (Mole Lake)Chippewa

1806 Battle of Mole Lake (Sioux v. Chippewa in battle over Wild Rice)
Sokaogon means “Post in the Lake” people
“The Lost Tribe”

Treaty of 1855 promised money and 12 square miles of reservation for them
Treaty lost in a shipwreck on Lake Superior on its way to Washington DC

St. CroixChippewa

2,000 Tribal Members
Reservation is scattered in a checkerboard of 11 separate communities over a four-country area.

Discussion Questions

How have treaties impacted the movement of American Indians both in and out of Wisconsin?
Why do you think the Menominee were chosen for Termination?
Why would the Stockbridge Munsee and Oneida join the Patriot side of the American Revolution?

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