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Worldwide Energy Production. 2000. 2050 ?. Sustainable Energy. Chapter 22. ENERGY FROM BIOMASS. Photosynthesis 6H 2 0+6CO 2 + solar energy = C 6 H 12 O 6 +6O 2. Fuelwood. Other Sources of Biomass Energy. Dung Where other fuel is in short supply, people often dry and burn animal dung.
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Worldwide Energy Production 2000 2050? Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sustainable Energy Chapter 22 Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ENERGY FROM BIOMASS • Photosynthesis • 6H20+6CO2 + solar energy = C6H12O6+6O2 Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Fuelwood Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Other Sources of Biomass Energy • Dung • Where other fuel is in short supply, people often dry and burn animal dung. • Methane • Methane is main component of natural gas produced by anaerobic decomposition. • Negative Impacts Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
ENERGY FROM EARTH'S FORCESHydropower Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Hydroelectricity Generation in Canada Atlas of Canada
Dam Drawbacks • Human Displacement • Ecosystem Destruction • Wildlife Losses • Large-Scale Flooding Due to Dam Failures • Sedimentation • Herbicide Contamination • Evaporative Losses • Nutrient Flow Retardation Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Dam Alternatives • Low-Head Hydropower - Extract energy from small headwater dams. • Run-of-River Flow - Submerged directly in stream and usually do not require dam or diversion structure. • Micro-Hyrdo Generators - Small versions designed to supply power to single homes. Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Other Sources of Energy from Earth's Forces • Tidal and Wave Energy • Ocean tides and waves contain enormous amounts of energy that can be harnessed. • Ocean Thermal Electric Conversion • Heat from sun-warmed upper ocean layers is used to evaporate a working fluid, such as ammonia, which has a low boiling point. • Geothermal Energy • High-pressure, high-temperature steam fields exist below the earth’s surface. Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Wind Energy Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Wind Energy in Canada Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Cypress Wind Power Facility Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Negative Impacts of Wind Energy • Interrupt view in remote places • Noise • Destroy sense of isolation • Potential bird kills Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
SOLAR ENERGY Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Solar Energy • Passive Solar Heat - Using absorptive structures with no moving parts to gather and hold heat. • Active Solar Heat - Generally pump heat- absorbing medium through a collector, rather than passively collecting heat in a stationary object. • Eutectic Chemicals are also used to store large amounts of energy in a small volume. Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Photovoltaic Solar Energy Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Storing Electrical Energy • Electrical energy storage is difficult and expensive. • Lead-acid batteries are heavy and have low energy density. • Metal-gas batteries are inexpensive and have high energy densities, but short lives. • Alkali-metal batteries have high storage capacity, but are more expensive. • Lithium batteries have very long lives, and store large amounts of energy, but are very expensive. Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Promoting Renewable Energy • Proposed Energy Conservation Policies: • Distributional Surcharges • Small fee levied on all utility customers. • Renewable Portfolio • Suppliers must get minimum percentage of power from renewable sources. • Green Pricing • Allows utilities to profit from conservation programs and charge premium prices for renewable energy. Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Promoting Renewable Energy • "Negawatt" Programs • It is much less expensive to finance conservation projects than to build new power plants. • Cogeneration • Simultaneous production of both electricity and steam, or hot water, in the same plant. Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Energy Costs Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
CONSERVATION • Utilization Efficiencies describe how well available energy is used for its intended purpose. • Energy Efficiency is a measure of energy produced compared to energy consumed. • Net Energy Yield - Based on total useful energy produced during the lifetime of an entire energy system, minus the energy required to make useful energy available. Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Energy Conversion Efficiencies Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Net Energy Yields Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Links • Saskatchewan Waste Reduction Council (www.saskwastereduction.ca) • Canadian Wind Energy Association (www.canwea.ca) • Canadian Hydro Developers, Inc. (www.canhydro.com) • Solar Energy Society of Canada (www.solarenergysociety.ca) • Canadian Renewable Fuels Association (www.greenfuels.org) Graphics © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.