MEMORY PERSPECTIVES: INTRODUCTION

1. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES: INTRODUCTION Week 8 Practical

2. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES WEEK 8 PRACTICAL LECTURE 1 PRACTICAL WEEK 1 NO LECTURE NO PRACTICAL WEEK 2 NONPARAMETRICS 1 1ST PRACTICAL WEEK 3 NONPARAMETRICS 2 1ST ANALYSIS IN SPSS WEEK 4 1ST ANALYSIS BY HAND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS WEEK 5 2ND PRACTICAL WEEK 6 2ND ANALYSIS IN SPSS HYPOTHESIS TESTING WEEK 7 2ND ANALYSIS BY HAND RELATED T-TEST WEEK 8 3RD PRACTICAL INDEPENDENT T-TEST INDEPENDENT ANOVA WEEK 9 3RD ANALYSIS IN SPSS No practical WEEK 10 DEPENDENT ANOVA

3. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES WEEK 8 PRACTICAL BY THE END OF THE SESSION, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Conduct the Memory Perspectives practical and understand the rationale behind the experiment. Appreciate the way in which the study was carried out and the hypotheses the study is testing. Begin to explore the downloaded data set with respect to testing the experimental hypotheses using an appropriate test. Make a start on writing up your INTRODUCTION and METHOD sections for your lab report.

4. You will be given a sheet of paper. You need to read the passage on the paper carefully, bearing in mind the information printed at the top. This experiment should be conducted individually and in quiet, so no gabbing! You will have 5 minutes to do this. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES PART 1

5. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES EXPERIMENT

6. Please put the passage somewhere you can’t see it. Now please write down as many details regarding the passage as you can remember. Again, keep it quiet. You will have 5 minutes to do this. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES PART 2

7. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES EXPERIMENT

8. You will now be provided with two checklists. Tick the items that belong on each checklist if they match with what you wrote down. Work out a TOTAL of the number of items recalled on list B. Work out a TOTAL of the number of items recalled on list A. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES PART 3

9. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES INTRODUCTION BURGLAR OR BUYER? Around the 1970s, psychologists became a bit miffed about the artificiality of test materials. There was a movement towards ecological validity in that to understand real world things, we should study real world stimuli. The memory perspectives paradigm was just one expression of this movement. Here, researchers were interested in the extent to which prior knowledge influenced memory. In the study you just completed, the idea is that prior information regarding your own perspective (BURGLARorBUYER)should influence the types of things you remember. (Bransford and Johnson, 1972; Pichert & Anderson, 1977)

10. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES METHOD DESIGN We assigned a random half of individuals to BURGLAR or BUYER. Both groups checked recall against LIST A (BURGLAR) and LIST B (BUYER). Is this design within- or between-subjects? What is the IV? What is the DV? Research questions Our current experiment raises two research questions, which generally refer to the idea the perspective adopted by the reader will affect subsequent recall. Q1: Do ‘BURGLARS’ and ‘BUYERS’ have different levels of recall for LIST A (burglar relevant items)? Q2: Do ‘BURGLARS’ and ‘BUYERS’ have different levels of recall for LIST B (home-buyer relevant items)?

11. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES METHOD PARTICIPANTS We can look at the data set straight away: DOWNLOAD AND SAVE THE FILE ‘MEMPER2010.SAV’ Here is some demographic information that might be useful. 87 female, 66 male; Age range: 18-40 years; Mean: 24 years; S.D.: 2.5 years The sample were students at the University of Sussex, none of whom did Psychology. Introduction to the principles of the experiment, links to references and copies of the materials used may be retrieved here: DOWNLOAD AND SAVE THE FILE ‘MEMPER_DEBRIEF’

12. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES RESULTS The first 2 columns show subject id and group membership. The last two columns show recall for LIST A (BURGLAR) and LIST B (BUYER). (Perspect 0 = BURGLAR; Perspect 1 = BUYER)

13. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES DATA TYPES Nominal “Name” E.g. Gender Ordinal “Order” E.g. Horse racing Ratio “Real zero” E.g. Height Interval “Imaginary zero” E.g. Temperature

14. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES WHAT TEST TO USE? THE FLOW CHART

15. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES PARAMETRIC OR NOT? Data type Ratio Interval Ordinal Nominal Homogeneity of variance? NON-PARAMETRIC SD21/SD22 ≤ 2 SD21/SD22 > 2 Normal distribution? PARAMETRIC Yes No

16. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES NOTES FOR WRITE UP INTRODUCTION Like a funnel- all roads should lead to the rationale for the experiment. What were the previous studies that lead up to the current one? What were the important psychological concepts and / or distinctions? What was the outline of the current study and what were the hypotheses? METHOD Must be include enough detail for someone else to replicate the experiment. Standard structure: Participants / Materials / Design / Procedure. Refer the reader to appendices if including lengthy materials. Avoid bullet points or lists because the method section is prose too.

17. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES WEEK 8 PRACTICAL BY THE END OF THE SESSION, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Conduct the Memory Perspectives practical and understand the rationale behind the experiment. Appreciate the way in which the study was carried out and the hypotheses the study is testing. Begin to explore the downloaded data set with respect to testing the experimental hypotheses using an appropriate test. Make a start on writing up your INTRODUCTION and METHOD sections for your lab report.

18. MEMORY PERSPECTIVES DISCUSSION GET TOGETHER IN GROUPS OF THREE OR FOUR AND REFLECT ON TODAY’S EXPERIENCE USING THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS What kind of test is appropriate for this design? How would you have conducted the experiment? Were the two memory perspectives equivalent? How much do you trust self-report? Did you take a peek at the passage?