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Cancer Screening

Cancer Screening. Benefits Prevent development of disease Early detection can help improve prognosis (treatment at earlier stage + before symptoms appear) Considerations tests can yield false-positives (or false negatives) screening procedures can come with risks

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Cancer Screening

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  1. Cancer Screening Benefits • Prevent development of disease • Early detection can help improve prognosis (treatment at earlier stage + before symptoms appear) Considerations tests can yield false-positives (or false negatives) • screening procedures can come with risks • early detection might not help prognosis in some cases 1. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/overview/patient/page1

  2. General Screening Considerations1 Family History: family history is of certain cancers can be an indicator of susceptibility. Also consider similar lifestyles which translate to risks. Age: Incidence of cancer directly correlates with age. The Big 3 Alcohol: recomm. no more than 2 drinks for men per day (one drink per day for women) Tobacco: Having a 30 years history of smoking or having quit within the last 15 years. Weight: often indicator of poor nutrition, insufficient exercise, and other complications such as diabetes, high blood pressure, etc. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/genetic-testing

  3. Breast Breast cancer disproportionally affects white women in SCC. *Note-African-American women are more likely to die from the disease • Encourage self-breast exams starting at age 20 • Yearly mammograms for women 40 and older • Clinical breast exam (CBE) about every 3 years for women in their 20s and 30s and every year for women 40 and over 1 http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer

  4. Self-Breast Exam 1 • Though an SBE is not a screening method, 40% of diagnosed breast cancers were found by women who have found irregularities in their breasts. • Women are recommended to perform a SBE at least once a month. Women who are well acquainted with their breasts are more likely to notice changes. http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-self-exam

  5. Video • http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/breast-self-exam

  6. Breast Cancer Stats http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/more.html

  7. Prevention1 • Limit alcohol and tobacco consumption • Maintain a healthy weight and an active lifestyle • Breastfeed! Women who breastfeed have a lower risk of developing breast cancer • Limit dose and duration of hormone therapy (For example, consider alternative methods if you are taking hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms) • Avoid radiation and environmental pollutants (medical imaging methods use high amounts of radiation. Have these methods done only when necessary). http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/womens-health/in-depth/breast-cancer-prevention/art-20044676

  8. Liver Asian Americans are 1.7-11.3X more susceptible to liver cancer than their Caucasian counterparts. Latin@s in SCC are disproportionally affected as well. • Screening advised for those at high risk  people with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B infections • Screening procedures: AFP test and ultrasound of the liver Note* Screening not advised for those at average risk 1.http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer

  9. AFP Test • Alpha-feto protein is produced by both the level and yolk sac of a developing fetus. Abundance of this protein is extremely low in health adults. • THE AFP test is a blood tests that measures the level of this protein. Amounts higher than the expected 40 micrograms (mg) per liter could be an indication of liver malfunction (the liver accounts for 2/3 of AFP production in adults). Note* AFP tests by themselves are not definitive and are recommended to be taken in conjuncture with a liver ultrasound http://www.everydayhealth.com/liver-cancer/alpha-fetoprotein-for-liver-cancer-screening.aspx

  10. Liver Ultrasound • Ultrasounds are used to detect any abnormal growth or general structural abnormalities in the liver. • The procedure is painless and involves a technician placing a probe over a patient’s skin while they lie down. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/livercancer/overviewguide/liver-cancer-overview-diagnosed

  11. Liver Cancer Stats http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/more.html

  12. Prevention Reducing the risk of cirrhosis (scarring of liver tissue) directly reduces the risk of liver cancer. Prevention includes: • Minimizing alcohol consumption • Maintaining a healthy weight • Getting vaccinated for hepatitis B (offers 90% protection) • Prevent hepatitis C by knowing the HIV status of your sexual partner, refraining from intravenous drug use, and seeking clean tattoo shops. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/liver-cancer/basics/prevention/con-20025222

  13. Cervical Latinas and Asian/Pacific Islanders are disproportionally affected in SCC. Recommendations • Women ages 21-29 should be getting a PAP test every 3 years • Women ages 30-65 should have a PAP test and HPV test every 5 years Who shouldn’t be tested • women 65+ years of age • women who have had their uterus and cervix removed for cancer un-related reasons NOTE: Women who have received the HPV vaccine should still follow recommendations d http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer

  14. Pap Test • A PAP tests involves collecting cells from the cervix (the narrow part of the uterus directly above the vagina). HPV Test • HPV test is done as a follow-up test given abnormal PAP test and women 30 years and old • The test is used to detect the present of the human papillomavirus which can lead to genital warts, abnormal cervical cells or cervical cancer. http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/pap-smear/basics/definition/prc-20013038

  15. Cervical Cancer Stats http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/more.html

  16. Prevention • Limit tobacco consumption • Avoid HPV via vaccination • Vaccine: 3 vaccines given over a period of months are currently available that protect against HPV strains 6,11,16,and 18 (Gardasil) and HPV strains 16 and 18 (Cerverix) • Reduce your amount of sexual partners, use condoms when possible. *Note: Sex is not necessary for infection. As long as contact occurs with an infected area, it is possible to contract HPV. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-can-cervical-cancer-be-prevented

  17. HPV Vaccine • Two vaccines (Cervarix and Gardasil) protect against cervical cancers in women. One vaccine (Gardasil) also protects against genital warts and cancers of the anus, vagina and vulva. Both vaccines are available for females. Only Gardasil is available for males. • Vaccination is highly recommended for boys and girls starting at the age of 11 (before being sexually active). • Young women can be vaccinated before the age of 26 and men to the age of 21 if they did not receive it when they are younger • The vaccine is not licensed to be used for individuals 26 years of age and older. http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/vaccine.html

  18. Oral Cancer Men 45+ years with history of tobacco use and alcohol consumptions are affected. Median age of diagnosis: 62 Risks for developing oral cancer include: • Tobacco use of any kind, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco and snuff, among others • Heavy alcohol use • Previous oral cancer diagnosis Note* A leading cause for oropharyngealcancer is HPV infection. HPV vaccination and sexual partner history arerelevant risk factors http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/hpv/

  19. Oral Exam • A dentist will perform an oral exam by checking for lumps, white and/or red patches, sores, and any other abnormalities in the mouth Note*There is insufficient evidence for or against routine oral screening exams. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mouth-cancer/expert-answers/oral-cancer/faq-20058324

  20. Oral Cancer Stats http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/more.html

  21. Prevention • Limit consumption of alcohol and tobacco • Minimize sun exposure to lip area • Eat the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables • Visit your dentist regularly. http://www.mayoclinic.org//

  22. Colorectal Colorectal cancer disproportionally affects Latin@s and African –Americans • Both man and women 50+ years of age are recommended to be screened: • Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years*, or • Colonoscopy every 10 years, or • Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years*, or • CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years* http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer

  23. Flexible sigmoidoscopy • A Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a test that uses a narrow tube with an attached camera at the end to look into the rectum and lower colon for irritation, swollen tissue, ulcers, and polyps. 1 Colonoscopy • A colonoscopy uses a colonoscope to look at the entirety of the colon and lower part of the small intestine. Samples can be collected during this procedure. 2 1.http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/sigmoidoscopy/ 2. http://www.webmd.com/colorectal-cancer/colonoscopy-16695

  24. Double-contrast barium enema • This procedure x-rays the large intestine to detect abnormalities. Occasionally, a small amount of air is put into the colon for better imagine. Note* this procedure is safer and cheaper in comparison to the colonoscopy.1,2 CT colonography • Also an x-ray procedure that combines X-ray and computer technology data to make images of the entire colon and rectum.3 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003817.htm http://www.ccalliance.org/screening/double-contrast-barium-enema.html http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/virtualcolonoscopy/

  25. Colorectal Cancer Stats http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/more.html

  26. Prevention • Regular testing for early detection • Increase the intensity and amount of physical activity. • Limit intake of red and processed meats. • Get the recommended levels of calcium and vitamin D. • Eat recommended amounts of vegetables and fruits. • Avoid obesity and maintain healthy weight • Avoid excessive alcohol consumption 1 http://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/detailedguide/colorectal-cancer-prevention

  27. Prostate Prostate cancer disproportionally affects African –Americans and whites. • Current research has not proven that benefits of screening outweigh risks • Men should talk to their doctors about pros and cons of testing starting age 50. • African-American men should consider family history and should talk to their doctor starting age 45. http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer

  28. Prostate Cancer Stats http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/more.html

  29. Prevention • Minimize alcohol consumption • Maintain a healthy weight and lifestyle • Eat recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables. • Eat more fat from plants rather than animals • Increase intake of fish, soy, and green tea http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/prostate-cancer/in-depth/prostate-cancer-prevention/art-20045641

  30. Lung African-Americans are disproportionately affected with lung cancer is SCC. Screening recommended for those: • 55 to 74 years of age • In fairly good health • Have at least a 30 pack-year smoking history AND are either still smoking or have quit smoking within the last 15 years http://www.cancer.org/healthy/findcancerearly/cancerscreeningguidelines/american-cancer-society-guidelines-for-the-early-detection-of-cancer

  31. Lung Screening Options Low-dose helical computed tomography • 20% relative reduction in lung cancer–specific mortality and 6.7% reduction of all-cause mortality. Chest x-ray and/or sputum cytology • Does not reduce mortality from lung cancer in the general population or in ever-smokers. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/lung/HealthProfessional

  32. Low-dose helical computed tomography • The low-dose spiral CT scan continuously rotates in a spiral motion and takes several 3-dimensional X-rays of the lungs. Chest X-Ray • The chest x-ray uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs on film. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/screening/lung/HealthProfessional

  33. Lung Cancer Stats http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/more.html

  34. Prevention • Avoid smoking and second hand smoking • Avoid carcinogens if possible • Maintain a healthy lifestyle complete with exercise http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lung-cancer/basics/prevention/con-20025531

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