Chapters 28 and 29

1. Chapters 28 and 29 Imperfect & Pluperfect Active Subjunctives Passive Subjunctives Using the subjunctive and Tenses (Independent uses) Sequence of Tenses (Dependent uses) Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Adverbial) Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses)

2. 1. The Subjunctive

3. 1. Imperfect Active Subjunctive More forms!!! Imperfect Active Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard endings

4. 1. The Imperfect Active Subjunctive… Remember: Imperfect Active Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard endings

5. 1. Pluperfect Active Subjunctive More forms!!! Pluperfect Active Subjunctive = Perfect Active Infinitive + standard endings

6. 1. The Pluperfect Active Subjunctive Remember: Pluperfect Active Subjunctive = Perfect Active Infinitive + standard endings

7. 1. Subjunctive of Sum • Good news! • Sum, esse does nothing strange in the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives. • Take the proper infinitive and stick on the standard endings, just like any other verb. • See §111 on pg. 222 for the table of forms for sum, esse.

8. 2. Present Passive Subjunctive Building on what you know Present Passive Subjunctive= Present Stem with proper present subjunctive stem vowel* + standard passive endings *Subjunctive Stem Vowel Mnemonics: • We beat a giant liar • She wears a diamond tiara • Clem steams clams in Siam See pg. 233 for chart

9. 2. Imperfect Passive Subjunctive Imperfect Passive Subjunctive = Present Active Infinitive + standard passive endings See pg. 234 for chart

10. 2. Perfect Passive Subjunctive Perfect Passive Subjunctive = Fourth Principle Part + present subjunctive of sum See pg. 234 for chart The perfect passive is already associated with the present of sum, since the perfect passive indicative uses the present indicative of sum.

11. 2. Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive = Fourth Principle Part + imperfect subjunctive of sum See pg. 234 for chart The pluperfect passive is already associated with the imperfect of sum, since the pluperfect passive indicative uses the imperfect indicative of sum.

12. That’s it! We’re done! • Well, in terms of forms: mostly yes. • But overall use of the subjunctive: no.  • On to when to use these various tenses and using subjunctives in dependent clauses.

13. 3. Subjunctives and Tenses (Independent uses) *You too can turn Clash song titles into Latin.

14. 4. Sequence of Tenses Find your main verb tense in the top row, then go down to find the proper subjunctive to show actions contemporaneous/after or before.

15. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses • Purpose - answers “Why?” or “For what purpose?” • Purpose clauses (in order to do something) are generally introduced by utor utī. • Negative purpose (in order that something not happen) clauses are introduced by nē. • Since a purpose clause generally refers to a contemporaneous/after action, the present and the imperfect subjunctives are most commonly used. • Examples: • Hoc dīcituteōsiuvet. He says this in order to help them. • Librōslēgīmusutmultadiscerēmus. We read books so that we would learn many things.

16. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses • Result – answers “So that what?” or “With what result?” • Result clauses generally introduced by utor utī. The negative is introduced by utnōn(or: nihil, nēmō, numquam, or nūllus, -a, -um). • Expresses the result of some condition. • Don’t always follow sequence of tenses rules. Argh! Exceptions! (See example below) • Sign post words i.e. ita; sīc;tālis, -e; tantus, -a, -um; tam; etc. • Examples: • Tanta fēcituturbemservāret. He did such great things that he saved the city. • Vulnustantumeratutperīerit. The wound was so great that he died. (Perfect subjunctive used for emphasizing the result.)

17. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Uses • Circumstance, Cause, Concessions – a.k.a. cum clauses • Generally introduced by cum. A nōnis used with the verb for negation. • Cum + indicative (Ch. 18) = specific time • Cum + subjunctive = situation or circumstances under which an action occurred. • Examples: • “cum circumstantial:” cum manēremrūrī, accēpītuāslitterās. When I was remaining in the country, I received your letters. • “cum causal:” id nōnestdifficile cum tantumcopiīsvaleāmus. It is not difficult since we are so strong in troops. • “cum concessive:” Cēnamparāvit cum aegrafuisset. She prepared dinner although she had been sick.

18. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples BRH 135 Tenēmēnēfugiam. Et revocāmē ad dominummeumViventium in areāCallistī. Revocā: (1st conj. Imperative) to bring back Viventius: the master’s name In areāCallistī: in the plaza of Callistus From a slave’s collar

19. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples

20. 5. Adverbial Dependent Subjunctive Examples • From a bath house at Ostia: BRH 131 Utbenecacāret, ventrempalpāvitSolōn. Cacō (1st): to defecate Ventrem: venter, ventris – stomach Solōn: nom. sing. 6thcent. Athenian statesman

21. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) • You already know that dependent clauses can be the objects of verb. Hence indirect statement, objective infinitives, relative clauses used as nouns (see chs. 22, 21, and 19 respectively) • Dependent clauses can operate in a similar manner. They can be used in the following constructions: • Indirect questions • Indirect commands • Substantive result clauses • Identification of these various uses is based on the words that introduce the clause. • Translation of the Latin subjunctive generally does not result in using a subjunctive in English.

22. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) • Indirect questions • What to look for: main verb of speaking, asking, telling, etc and a question word (who, what, where, when, why, how, etc) • Follow sequence of tenses • Except for future which is future participle + present (primary tense MV) or imperfect (secondary tense MV) of sum

23. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) • Indirect commands • What to look for: main verb of speaking, asking, telling, etc and ut or nē • Follow sequence of tenses • Iubeō, vetō, and cupiō take objective infinitives and not subjunctives • Usually translated by an infinitive in English • Compare: • Hoc facite! • Hoc faciant. • Persuādeteīsut hoc faciant. • Persuāsiteīsut hoc facerent.

24. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) • Noun Result/Substantive Result Clause • What to look for: often main verb of doing, making, completing, and accomplishing and then ut or utnōnfor the negative • Follow sequence of tenses • Examples: • Perfēcīut ē rēgnōillediscēderet. I brought it about that that man departed from the kingdom. • Efficiamutomnēsintellegant. I will make them all understand. • Note that the English translation does not always mirror the clauses of the Latin. See the difference between the examples.

25. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples • BRH 148 • From a fragmentary tombstone. • Hōc qui scirecupisiaceant quae membra <in> sepulcrō, discēsdumrelegāshōsmodoversiculōs. • Membrum, -ī, N: limb • Sepulcrum, -ī, N: tomb • Dum...modo: provided that • Relego, relegere: to read again • Versiculus, -ī, M: little verse

26. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples

27. 6. Dependent Uses of the Subjunctive (Noun Clauses) – Examples • Again from the Baths of the Seven Sages at Ostia BRH 150: Dūrumcacantesmonuitutnitant Thales. Thales: nom. sing. A thinker from Miletus Nitor, nitī, nixus sum: to strain oneself Note that the author forgot/did not know that this was a deponent verb. Also is nitant the correct tense?