How did WHERE they lived affect HOW they lived?

1. Arctic Region: The Inuit (188-192) • Great Lakes St. Lawrence: The Iroquois (ex. Seneca, Mohawk, etc.) (193-197) • Interior Plains: The People of the Plains (Blackfoot, Cree, Ojibwa, etc.) (198-201) • Intermountain Region: The Peoples of the Plateau (Chilcotin, Lillooet, Okanagan, etc.) (202-204) • Western Cordilllera: The Peoples of the Northwest Coast (Haida, Coast Salish, etc.) (205-209) How did WHERE they lived affect HOW they lived?

2. How did living in the Arctic Region affect the lifestyle of the Inuit? 1. Survival was difficult • Inuit groups were never large • A major concern was staying alive and healthy 2. Warmth important in cold Arctic winters (-30 degrees Celsius) • Iglus = domed snow houses; snow acted as an insulator • Layered clothing (pants, parka, boots, mittens) made primarily of caribou hide

3. 3. Plant foods extremely scarce in the Arctic • Ate animals (Ex. Caribou) • Used animal products • Few trees to burn, so used animal fat as a fuel source 4. Dark winters (winter nights lasting up to 20 hours) • Cooking by lamplight difficult, so most food eaten raw • Little travel/hunting possible; relied on stored supplies of meat

4. Did you know? • Inuit hunters used lines of Inukshuk to direct the caribou to places where hunters waited concealed in shallow pits. In some locations, the caribou were directed into lakes or rivers so that hunters in kayaks could kill them.

5. Did you know? All Inuit shared a belief in the spirit force of the universe and the need to behave in a certain way in order to ensure existence with nature. Illness or misfortune was a signal to members of the community that they had not conducted themselves properly.

6. How did living in the Great Lakes St. Lawrence region affect the lifestyle of the Iroquois? Fertile soil = agriculture! • Around 500CE, discovered agriculture • Agriculture became very important: allowed them to stay in one place rather than travelling around in search of food • Grew corn, beans, squash, sunflowers • Agricultural products (ex. tobacco) could be traded with nations in other regions Five Iroquoian nations competed for farmland and other resources • Constant warfare (defensive palisades around villages) • Made an alliance in the late 15th or early 16th century

7. Did you know? • The Iroquois had a complex system of government. There were three levels: town, tribal, and confederacy. At each level, representatives would meet to make decisions. Decisions were made democratically, and the opinion of the majority was followed. • How is this similar to Canadian government today?

8. How did living in the Interior Plains region affect the lifestyle of the Peoples of the Plains? Primary food/resource in this region = bison (or buffalo)! • Plains peoples were nomadic (followed bison herds) • Lived in tipi: could be set up or taken down quickly (when herd of bison passing) • Travelled in groups of 50-100 people (# of people needed to operate an efficient bison drive) • Bison driven into a pound (then killed) or driven off a cliff • All parts of the bison used (food, clothing, shelter, tools, etc.)

9. Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump

10. Did you know? The Sun Dance was the central religious festival of the Plains peoples. Those participating in the Sun Dance sought visions by subjecting themselves to pain and suffering. Dancers were not allowed to eat, drink, or rest until the Sun Dance was over. To prove themselves, young men would have their chests pierced with skewers of bone, which would be attached by ropes to a pole. As they danced, they would lean back until the skewers ripped out. The scars that resulted were held in high esteem as badges of the ability to withstand pain—essential for a warrior.

11. How did living in the Intermountain region affect the lifestyle of the Peoples of the Plateau? • 1. Cold, dry winters • Pit houses (built partly underground) for shelter in the winter • Pit dug into soft soil near water supply • Rafters built up over the pit; covered with bark, earth, and sod • Well insulated against winter cold • 2. Warm, dry spring and summer • Lived in tents and travelled around in search of food • Berries, edible roots, deer • 3. Streams and rivers • Salmon a main part of their diet • Congregated along rivers and streams in the fall

12. How did living in the Western Cordilleran region affect the lifestyle of the Peoples of the Northwest Coast? 1. Cedar trees • Art: Totem poles, carved masks used in ritual dances • Longhouses • Canoes Seaworthy (for hunting whales in stormy waters) 2. Great variety of food/resources readily available. • Status and wealth very important • Chiefs and nobles of villages controlled access to resources (ex. salmon, berries, cedar). • Nobles displayed their wealth in a ceremony called a potlatch. 3 purposes: to celebrate a major event, display status, and redistribute wealth and food

13. Food collected from different sites at different times of year Ex: Lower Mainland of BC • Winter months: large, permanent villages; not much hunting Ex. Kwantlen, Tsawassen, Squamish villages • Early spring: food running out; family groups move around in search of food • Early summer: camps built all over the region Bases for collection of food: salmon, shellfish, birds, berries • Late summer to early fall: Major salmon run on Fraser River

14. When Europeans first encountered Native North Americans, they referred to them as “savages.” Savage = wild, barbaric, uncivilized What does it mean to be “civilized”?