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Reproduction

Explore the fascinating world of sexual reproduction, from the fusion of gametes to the developmental stages of offspring. Discover key terms and processes in human reproductive systems with an emphasis on fertilization, implantation, and differentiation. Learn about the vital roles of male and female reproductive organs in the continuation of species survival. Dive into the complexities of early development stages, including zygote formation, gastrulation, and the specialization of stem cells. Unravel the mysteries of twinning and the differences between identical and fraternal twins. This comprehensive guide sheds light on the wonders of life creation and the intricate mechanisms that drive reproduction in living organisms.

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Reproduction

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  1. Reproduction

  2. Reproduction – Key Terms ________ – two parents & the fusion of gametes ________ – One parent, NO fusion of gametes ________ – the act of joining together ________ – sex cells (ex. Eggs/sperm) ________ – on land ________ – in water ________ – characteristic that enables survival Aquatic Asexual Adaptation Terrestrial Fusion Sexual Gametes

  3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Many aquatic (water) animals like fish & amphibians (frogs & toads) Terrestrial (land) organisms like insects, mammals, reptiles Egg and sperm (gametes) fuse inside the moist female reproductive tract – more protected! Egg and sperm (gametes) fuse outside the female’s body Mostly on land Mostly in water

  4. Most Fish and Amphibians Birds, Reptiles, Insects Offspring develops in an egg outside the female’s body, Offspring develops in an egg outside the female’s body MANY are produced, because MOST WILL NOT SURVIVE!!! video Humans, bears, canines, cats, rabbits, mice, etc Kangaroos, koalas, etc Offspring is born underdeveloped and continues its development in a pouch An umbilical cord carries nutrients and oxygen to offspring throughout its development SMALL numbers produced, parental care is common

  5. Monotremes

  6. The Human Reproductive System Life Process: Reproduction (not necessary for the individual’s survival, but for the species survival!) Functionsof the MALE system: • Secrete fluids that nourish and protect sperm from the acidic female reproductive tract! • Produce the male gamete----- sperm! • Produce testosterone! Functionsof the FEMALE system: • Provide a location for the implantation and development of a zygote & fetus • Produce eggs, estrogen and progesterone • Produce a placenta and umbilical cord!

  7. VIDEO Produces an alkaline (basic) substance to neutralize the female’s acidic reproductive tract VIDEO 2 Where sperm obtain their ability to swim Urinary Bladder Seminal Vesicle Prostate Carries urine and semen out of the body Urethra Penis Rectum Adaptation for internal fertilization on land! Releases mucus / produces semen Epididymis Bulbourethral Gland/ Cowper’s Gland testis Scrotum – temp is 1-3 degrees lower than body temp Vas deferens Sperm fully mature and are stored here Carries sperm to the penis

  8. - Site of fertilization (fusion), egg travels down this tube to the uterus OVARY – Contains follicles with immature eggs, &, produces estrogen FALLOPIAN TUBE (OVIDUCT) UTERUS BLADDER – lining thickens each month to support a zygote, site of implantation and development of the fetus! Produces the placenta and umbilical cord! URETHRA CERVIX RECTUM VAGINA - Entryway to the uterus - Sperm are deposited here during sexual reproduction

  9. VIDEO

  10. Uterine lining is shed (the “period”) The follicle containing the egg is stimulated to enlarge & mature A mature egg is released into the fallopian tube from the ovary The empty follicle becomes the “corpus luteum” (“yellow body”) and releases progesterone to thicken uterine lining)

  11. Fertilization and Early Development • Mor – Mass • ...ula – small one • Gastr – stomach cavity • Zygous – yoked • Blast – hollow • Cleav – break or separate • Endo – inner • Meso – middle • Ecto – outer Derm - skin Name each development stage based on the terminology

  12. HOLLOW Fertilized Egg (ZYGOTE) MORULA (Cleavage = Cells divide) BLASTULA Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm Early GASTRULA Late GASTRULA DIFFERENTIATION – When cells begin to become different from one another & specialize their functions

  13. Fertilization and Early Development ACROSOME BODY Tail Fiber Flagella MITOCHONDRIA HEAD (Contains DNA) OVUM (EGG) VIDEO 1 VIDEO 2

  14. Cleavage begins Zygote Fertilization IMPLANTATION OVULATION OVARY

  15. Fertilization – Sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote in the fallopian tube VIDEO

  16. Implantation – after a few days, the embryo imbeds itself in the uterine wall, stimulating the placenta to develop

  17. Gastrulation – the three germ layers form: • Endoderm – innermost: Digestive Tract, Respiratory System, Glands • Ectoderm – outermost: skin, hair, nails, brain / nervous system • Mesoderm – middle layer: Bones, cartilage, circulatory system, excretory system, muscle, gonads

  18. Differentiation – Stem cells begin to specialize into specific cells/tissues

  19. Types of Stem Cells

  20. STEM CELLS Stem Cell Debate

  21. Stem Cells Video

  22. Reproduction – Key Terms ________ – two parents & the fusion of gametes ________ – One parent, NO fusion of gametes ________ – the act of joining together ________ – sex cells (ex. Eggs/sperm) ________ – on land ________ – in water ________ – characteristic that enables survival Aquatic Asexual Adaptation Terrestrial Fusion Sexual Gametes

  23. IVF and Amniocentesis • IVF (3:30) • Amnio • Amnio Actual

  24. Are these twins identical or fraternal?

  25. Twinning Identical Twins: • 1 sperm fertilizes 1 egg, which later separates during cleavage(genetically identical) Fraternal Twins: • 2 separate eggs are fertilized by 2 separate sperm (offspring NOT genetically identical) Conjoined Twins, Abby & Brittany Hensel

  26. The Developing Fetus (Human Gestation = about 40 weeks) Placenta – organ connected the to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange (BUT….mother and baby’s blood do NOT MIX!) Umbilical Cord – connects the developing fetus to the placenta Uterine Wall– muscular contractions cause labor & birth Amnion - A membrane holding fluid that protects fetus from shock, important for proper development of limbs and lungs Cervix Cervical Plug Vagina

  27. Factors That Affect Prenatal Development • The fetus may be exposed to many environmental factors that DIFFUSE across the placenta • MUTAGENS like asbestos, x-rays, or formaldehyde can cause mutations in the developing fetus! • Other toxic materials like alcohol and cigarette smoke can cause brain defects and low birth weight as well! • The 1st Trimester (weeks 1-12) is the most critical time for development, due to high rate of differentiation!!! • Insidermedicine In Depth - February 9, 2010 - Fetal Growth – YouTube • Alcohol and Pregnancy • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  28. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians

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