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Diversities and Immigration

Diversities and Immigration. Week 2. Governance models of REA relations. Sociological Models of Society. Explaining the Status and Role of MC via Sociological Models of Society. Diversities in Canada, 2006. Paradoxes/challenges of Diversity. Canada = Diversity =? - European based

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Diversities and Immigration

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  1. Diversities and Immigration Week 2

  2. Governance models of REA relations

  3. Sociological Models of Society

  4. Explaining the Status and Role of MC via Sociological Models of Society

  5. Diversities in Canada, 2006

  6. Paradoxes/challenges of Diversity • Canada = Diversity =? - European based - Pockets of diversity - compared to others • How Much? How little? What kind? Who says so? • The Politics of Drawing the Line? • What constitutes reasonable accommodation? • Canada = Diversity = Mixed Evaluation - positive + negative + situational

  7. Challenges of diversity • Multicultural societies throw up problems that have no parallel in history. They need to find ways of reconciling the legitimate demands of unity and diversity, achieving political unity without cultural uniformity, being inclusive without being assimilationist, cultivating among their citizens a commonsense of belonging while respecting their legitimate cultural differences and cherishing plural cultural identities without weakening the shared and precious identity of shared citizenship. This is a formidable political task and no multicultural society so far has succeeded. (Parekh 2005:343)

  8. International Immigration • 215 million outside homeland • “push”/”pull’ reasons • Globalization+Environment+Overpop+Politics • Transmigration/circular migration/nonlinear • South to south migration/developing countries/not poor • A world system not domestic focus • Not fixed field of location but complex dynamics of flows and connections involving many actors, at diff levels, across diff domain

  9. Canada = immigration society • Canada = Immigration Society

  10. Who Got In: Historical Themes • From racist, exclusionary to open +race blind -pt system 1960s • Who to keep out to who to let in (family, economic, refugees) - 1978 Immigration Act • Source Countries - from Europe to Asia • Contested – business, labour, govt, Empire • Practical from labour market/taps on-off TO sustained economic growth/human capital - agr > resource extraction > ICT

  11. Who Gets In? • Annual Flows - 250 000 average (281,000 in 2010) - why? Sustained economic growth or electoral politics • Class of Entry - Family, Economic, Refugee • Customizing Entry - Permanent citizens vs temporary workers - federal + provincial (PNP) - “29” - model migrants - Canadian Experience Class

  12. The federal skilled worker system • Points for entry - 25 Education - 24 language - 21 work experience - 10 arranged employment - 10 age - 10 adaptability • PASS = 67

  13. USA Immigration 2002-06 • All New Lawful Permanent Residents 1 000 000 • Employer sponsored 163 000 • Family sponsored 649 000 • Other 210 000 • Temporary Workers and Dependants 321 000 • Unauthorized/Undocumented 500 000(Pew Institute Hispanic Centre estimate) • TOTAL 1 800 000 (approx per year) • ● The average annual intake of immigrants (legal and permanent) into the United States between 2002 and 2006 was 1 million. While Canada’s intake is smaller at about 250 000 per year, Canada’s population is one-tenth the size of the United States’. • ● Immigrants are defined as foreign-born persons with lawful permanent resident status. About 60 percent of immigrants (permanent residents) to the USA are not new entrants but those adjusting from temporary to permanent status. With few exceptions, those on temporary permits in Canada must apply from outside. • ● Unlike the USA, with its focus on family sponsorship, most immigrants to Canada arrive via the economic class. • ● The USA attracts a disproportionately higher number of undocumented persons (or refugees) than Canada.

  14. Debating Immigration • What for? • How many? • What Kind? • Where from?

  15. Refugee Crisis, Canada’s Refugee Determination System • Global Patterns 34 million persons of concern 11 million refugees • Canada’s intake = 30 000 – 40 000 • Sponsored vs Claimants • Debates - 42% • Why Crisis? - singh ruling 1985 - from persecution to protection to risk aversion - Global smuggling - philosophical diffs – whose interests - self select debate • Modifying the Process – Safe Country regulations

  16. Debating the Refugee Crisis

  17. Immigration and Refugee Board case study no 9.3 • Challenge = - who is a refugee - how do we find out - is the system working - is the system fair • IRB - determine eligibility - refugee determination - permanent residency

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