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AIR FORCE ADVANCED INSTRUMENT SCHOOL

I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e. AIR FORCE ADVANCED INSTRUMENT SCHOOL. Procedures & Techniques. PROCEDURES & TECHNIQUES Back to Basics. PROCEDURES & TECHNIQUES Objectives. Review Instrument Cross-check HUDs Reintroduce 60 - 1 Rule

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AIR FORCE ADVANCED INSTRUMENT SCHOOL

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  1. I n t e g r i t y - S e r v i c e - E x c e l l e n c e AIR FORCE ADVANCED INSTRUMENT SCHOOL Procedures & Techniques

  2. PROCEDURES & TECHNIQUESBack to Basics

  3. PROCEDURES & TECHNIQUESObjectives • Review Instrument Cross-check • HUDs • Reintroduce 60 - 1 Rule • Apply to Climbs and Descents • Apply to Turns and Intercepts • Introduce Other Applications References: 11-217v1 (ch 1 & 20) & 2 (ch 6), 11-202v3

  4. BASICS • “An aircraft is flown in instrument flight by controlling the attitude and power as necessary to produce the desired performance.” AFM 11-217v1, para 1.1

  5. Control Instruments • Display immediate attitude & power Performance Instruments • Aircraft’s actual performance Navigation Instruments • Aircraft’s position relative to station or fix

  6. Control & Performance Concept 1. Establishattitude/power setting on control instruments 2. Trim out control pressures 3. Crosscheckperformance instruments 4. Adjust– make corrections as required

  7. HEAD-UP DISPLAYS 2.6.1. Flight Instrumentation. Primary flight instrumentation must provide full-time display of attitude, altitude, and airspeed information and the capability to recognize, confirm, and recover from unusual attitudes. Information must be positioned and arranged in a manner enabling an effective pilot crosscheck. AFI 11-202v3

  8. HEAD-UP DISPLAYS 2.6.1.3. Single Medium Displays. Some single medium displays, including many HUDs, do not provide sufficient attitude cues to enable a pilot to maintain full-time attitude awareness or recover from some unusual attitudes. In addition to meeting the instrumentation requirements of paragraph 2.6.1., single medium displays must also receive HQ USAF/A3O endorsement as a PFR before they are used as the stand-alone reference for instrument flight. AFI 11-202v3

  9. HEAD-UP DISPLAYS • NOTE: • Unless your HUD is endorsed as a PFR, do not use it when spatially disoriented, for recovery from an unusual attitude, or during lost wingman situations • Use the head down display anytime an immediate attitude reference is required. • Typically, head down displays are inherently easier to use in these situations due to the larger attitude coverage, color asymmetry between the ground and sky, and reduced interference from the outside visual scene (glare, optical illusions, etc.). • For this reason, even if your HUD is endorsed as a PFR, current Air Force guidance requires the head down display be available to the pilot with not more than one hands-on switch action. • AFM 11-217, 20.3.1.1

  10. HUD’s Currently Endorsed No RestrictionsRestrictionsOngoingPending C-130J F-16 C/D F-35 F-16 (Blk 60) C-37A (G5) C-17 C-130 AMP VC-25 U-2 F-22 B-1B E-3 T-38C C-12 E-8 RC-135 A-10 Source: AFFSA, AF Research Laboratory

  11. Instrument Interpretation Factors • Pilot ability

  12. Instrument Interpretation Factors • Pilot ability • Complexity of maneuver • Cockpit layout • Instrument design

  13. COMMON PROBLEMS • Fixation • Omission • Fast Scan • Inadequate Trimming

  14. Improving Fundamental Skillsand Correcting Fundamental Errors • Slow down cross-check • Know what to change and by how much • Known pitch/power settings • Know interplay between control & performance corrections • Small corrections • Set…Trim…Crosscheck…Adjust

  15. 60-1 RULE • Refined Control and Performance • Reduces workload • Precision flying without guess-work • Allows you to teach rules vice trying to teach “experience” AFM 11-217v2, Chapter 6 WHY USE IT?

  16. WHEN to USE 60-1 • Pitch changes • Gradients to meet restrictions • Lead turns • Wind Corrections • Approaches • Holding Entries, Teardrop Penetrations

  17. WHAT IS 60-1? 1° = 1 NM at 60 NM or 1° = 100 FT at 1 NM

  18. 1° 60 NM 60-1 DERIVATION CIRCUMFERENCE = 2 p r = 2 x 3.1416 x 60 = 376.99 or ≈ 360 1 NM

  19. 60-1 DERIVATION 6000 ft 3000 ft 1° 30 NM 60 NM 1°=100 Ft/NM (actual measurement is 6362.7 ft./degree)

  20. GRADIENT or FT/NM 300 KIAS 1500 ft/min 90 KIAS 450 ft/min 3000 ft 300 ft 3° 1 NM 10 NM

  21. 60-1 APPLICATION ASSUMPTIONS • TAS is based on Nautical miles per minute • You are flying a fixed-wing aircraft • Problems are no wind • Your FMS is broken

  22. FORMULAS • TAS = IAS + [5kts per 1000 ft] • TAS = IAS + Flight Level/2 • TAS = IAS + [(2% * IAS) per 1000’] • NM/Min = TAS/60 = Mach x 10 • VVI = TAS in NM/Min X Ft/NM (Pitch)

  23. EXAMPLE 1 An aircraft makes a 6 deg pitch change from level flight at FL 240. What does the VVI indicate if the IAS is 240 kts? • TAS = IAS + Flight Level 2 = 240 + 240 = 240 + 120 = 360 TAS 2 • TAS in NM/Min = 360 = 6 NM/Min 60 • 6 deg pitch change = 600 Ft/NM • VVI = NM/Min X Ft/NM = 6 NM/Min X 600 Ft/NM = 3600 Ft/Min

  24. EXAMPLE 2 ATC tells you to climb to FL 250 in 10 NM. You are at FL 200 indicating .6 MACH. What minimum pitch change is necessary? What should your VVI indicate? 5000 ft to climb = 10 NM to climb 500 Ft/NM 500 Ft/NM = 100 Ft/NM 5 deg pitch change VVI = NM/Min X Ft/NM = 6 NM/Min X 500 Ft/NM = 3000 Ft/Min

  25. EXAMPLE 3 • You’re at FL 330 proceeding direct to ABC TACAN and are • told to descend to 1000 ft by 10 DME prior to ABC. You are • at 90 DME indicating .6 MACH. • What is the initial minimum pitch change and VVI required?

  26. EXAMPLE 3 32,000’ / 4.0° ± 40,000’ 80,000’

  27. EXAMPLE 3 • You’re at FL 330 proceeding direct to ABC TACAN and are • told to descend to 1000 ft by 10 DME prior to ABC. You are • at 90 DME indicating .6 MACH. • What is the initial minimum pitch change and VVI required? 32,000 Ft 80 NM 33,000 ft - 1,000 ft = 90 DME - 10 DME = 400 Ft/NM = 4 deg pitch change VVI = NM/Min X Ft/NM = 6 NM/Min X 400 Ft/NM = 2400 Ft/Min

  28. EXAMPLE 3 32,000’ / 1° ± 40,000’ 80,000’

  29. EXAMPLE 4 Same questions as before… You’re at FL 330 proceeding direct to ABC TACAN. You are told to descend to 1000 ft by 10 DME prior to ABC. You are at 90 DME indicating .6 MACH. What is the initial minimum pitch change and VVI required? Except… - You slow to .5 MACH prior to descent. Now what initial pitchis required? - What happens to VVI?

  30. EXAMPLE 4 VVI = 5 NM/Min X 400 Ft/NM = 2000 Ft/Min Note: You still must descend 400 Ft/NM, which is still a 4 deg pitch change (from the NEW level flight picture) i.e. Your level flight pitch attitude is higher at .5 MACH than .6 MACH, but your descent pitch attitude from level flight will not change. (still 400 Ft/NM )

  31. WINDS • How do winds affect the gradient? • Will it affect the VVI?

  32. EXAMPLE 6 Same question as before…. You’re at FL 330 proceeding direct to ABC TACAN. You are told to descend to 1000 ft by 10 DME prior to ABC. You are at 90 DME indicating .5 MACH. What is the initial minimum pitch change and VVI required? (4 degrees pitch, 2000 ft/min VVI) Except…You pick up a 120 Kt tailwind.

  33. EXAMPLE 6 Now what initial VVI and Pitch required? New ground speed = 5 NM/Min + 120 kts tailwind = 7 NM/Min VVI = 7 NM/Min X 400 Ft/NM = 2800 Ft/Min • To approximate the pitch attitude change to hold • this VVI, we need to determine the Ft/NM descent • gradient based on the NM/Min through the air mass(TAS) • versus that of your groundspeed. • Ft/NM = 2800 Ft/Min = 560 Ft/NM • 5 NM/Min • = About 6 deg pitch

  34. GOOD RULE OF THUMB • Add/subtract one degree of pitch for every 60 knots of tailwind/headwind

  35. CALCULATING LEAD TURNS x Lead Point For Turn RADIUS 90° 123R TURN RADIUS= distance to turn 90° @ 30° AOB

  36. Figure 20.7. General Turning Performance (Constant Altitude, Steady Turn) (para 20.5).

  37. AIRCRAFT TURN RADIUS Using 30° of bank - two good methods... • MACH squared... • TR = (NM/Min)2 or (Mach)2 x 10 • 10 or… MACH - 2... TR = TAS in NM/Min - 2 or Mach - 2 Both work…How do they compare...

  38. TURN RADIUS COMPARISONS

  39. EXAMPLE 7 You are proceeding direct to the ABC VORTAC at 10,000 ft and 250 KIAS. At what DME would you begin a turn onto the 15 DME ARC? TAS = KIAS + FL = 2 250 + 50 = 300 KTAS 300KTAS / 60 = 5 nm/min NM Lead for 90 deg turn = NM/Min - 2 = 5 nm/min - 2 = 3NM or… Lead= (NM/Min)2 / 10 = 52 / 10 = 2.5 NM Turn at 18 DME or 17.5 DME

  40. TURNS THAT ARE NOT 90° x Lead Point For Turn RADIUS 60° 123R

  41. TURNS OTHER THAN 90 DEG • Degrees to TurnFraction of Turn Radius • 180 ° 2 • 150 ° 1 5/6 1.8333 • 135 ° 1 2/3 1.6666 • 120 ° 1 1/2 1.5 • 90 ° 1 • 60 ° 1/2 .5 • 45 ° 1/3.3333 • 30 ° 1/6.1666

  42. ARC TO RADIAL TURNS TR = turn radius 60 = Radials per NM ARC TR X Radials per NM = # radials reqd for turn

  43. EXAMPLE 9 You are at 240 KTAS and want to intercept a RADIAL from the 15 DME ARC. How many lead RADIALS should you use? TR = NM/Min - 2 = 240 - 2 = 4 - 2 = 2 NM turn radius 60 (or .4² x 10 = 1.6nm) Number of lead RADIALS = TR X 60 ARC = 2 X 60 = 2 X 4 15 = 8 Radials (or 1.6nm x 4 rad/nm = 6.4 rad lead point)

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