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Research and Methodology

This resource provides an in-depth review of essential research methodology concepts, including hypotheses, variables, operational definitions, and the distinctions between validity and reliability. Explore various types of studies such as experimental, correlational, and naturalistic observation, along with their pros and cons. The text also covers statistical principles including descriptive and inferential statistics, central tendency measures, variability, and correlation coefficients. Gain insights into ethical guidelines and statistical significance to enhance your research competency.

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Research and Methodology

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  1. Research and Methodology

  2. Vocab Review-- • Hypothesis? • Independent vs. Dependent Variable? • Operational Definition? • Validity vs. Reliability? • Sample vs. Population? • Types of sampling?

  3. Types of Studies--Review • Experimental—Causation!!!! • Lab vs. Field • Confounding variables • Hawthorne Effect • Participant relevant • Situation relevant • Experimenter bias • Eliminated by Double Blind • Assignment of exp vs. control group • Placebo Effect • Pros and Cons of Experimental

  4. Types of Studies--Review • Correlational Method—no causation • Ex post facto study • Survey Method—very popular, why? • Example— • Pros and cons of Correlational

  5. Types of Studies--Review • Naturalistic Observation—No Interference • Example at zoo— • Pros vs. Cons

  6. Types of Studies--Review • Case Studies—TESS • Pros vs. Cons

  7. ETHICS REVIEW • APA Guidelines • Institutional Review Board—IRB • Animal Research Guidelines—4 things • Human Research Guidelines—5 things

  8. STATISTICS • Descriptive Stats— • Frequency distributions • Frequency polygons • histograms (bar graph) • Do an example!

  9. STATS • Central Tendency • Mean • Outliers—example • Negatively Skewed—left skewed • Positively Skewed—right skewed --Median • Mode

  10. STATS • Variability of Descriptive Statistics • Range • Variance • Standard Deviation • Normal curve • 68, 95, 99.7 rule • Z-score • Percentiles

  11. STATS • Correlations • Relationship between two variables • Example-- • Correlation Coefficient (+1 to -1) • Scatter Plot • Line of Best Fit/Regression Line

  12. STATS • Inferential Statistics • Can the findings be GENERALIZED to the population from which the sample came? • Statistically Significant • P value • The smaller the p value, the more significant the results • P value of .05 means that a 5% chance exists that the results happened by chance • P value can never equal 0 because we can never be 100% sure results did not happen by chance

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