Childhood & Adolescent Anxiety disorders

1. <?xml version="1.0"?><AllQuestions /> <?xml version="1.0"?><Settings><answerBulletFormat>Numeric</answerBulletFormat><answerNowAutoInsert>No</answerNowAutoInsert><answerNowStyle>Explosion</answerNowStyle><answerNowText>Answer Now</answerNowText><chartColors>Use PowerPoint Color Scheme</chartColors><chartType>Horizontal</chartType><correctAnswerIndicator>Checkmark</correctAnswerIndicator><countdownAutoInsert>No</countdownAutoInsert><countdownSeconds>10</countdownSeconds><countdownSound>TicToc.wav</countdownSound><countdownStyle>Box</countdownStyle><gridAutoInsert>No</gridAutoInsert><gridFillStyle>Answered</gridFillStyle><gridFillColor>0,0,0</gridFillColor><gridOpacity>100%</gridOpacity><gridTextStyle>Keypad #</gridTextStyle><inputSource>Response Devices</inputSource><multipleResponseDivisor># of Responses</multipleResponseDivisor><participantsLeaderBoard>5</participantsLeaderBoard><percentageDecimalPlaces>0</percentageDecimalPlaces><responseCounterAutoInsert>No</responseCounterAutoInsert><responseCounterStyle>Oval</responseCounterStyle><responseCounterDisplayValue># of Votes Received</responseCounterDisplayValue><insertObjectUsingColor>Blue</insertObjectUsingColor><showResults>Yes</showResults><teamColors>User Defined</teamColors><teamIdentificationType>None</teamIdentificationType><teamScoringType>Voting pads only</teamScoringType><teamScoringDecimalPlaces>1</teamScoringDecimalPlaces><teamIdentificationItem></teamIdentificationItem><teamsLeaderBoard>5</teamsLeaderBoard><teamName1></teamName1><teamName2></teamName2><teamName3></teamName3><teamName4></teamName4><teamName5></teamName5><teamName6></teamName6><teamName7></teamName7><teamName8></teamName8><teamName9></teamName9><teamName10></teamName10><showControlBar>Slides with Get Feedback Objects</showControlBar><defaultCorrectPointValue>100</defaultCorrectPointValue><defaultIncorrectPointValue>0</defaultIncorrectPointValue><chartColor1>187,224,227</chartColor1><chartColor2>51,51,153</chartColor2><chartColor3>0,153,153</chartColor3><chartColor4>153,204,0</chartColor4><chartColor5>128,128,128</chartColor5><chartColor6>0,0,0</chartColor6><chartColor7>0,102,204</chartColor7><chartColor8>204,204,255</chartColor8><chartColor9>255,0,0</chartColor9><chartColor10>255,255,0</chartColor10><teamColor1>187,224,227</teamColor1><teamColor2>51,51,153</teamColor2><teamColor3>0,153,153</teamColor3><teamColor4>153,204,0</teamColor4><teamColor5>128,128,128</teamColor5><teamColor6>0,0,0</teamColor6><teamColor7>0,102,204</teamColor7><teamColor8>204,204,255</teamColor8><teamColor9>255,0,0</teamColor9><teamColor10>255,255,0</teamColor10><displayAnswerImagesDuringVote>Yes</displayAnswerImagesDuringVote><displayAnswerImagesWithResponses>Yes</displayAnswerImagesWithResponses><displayAnswerTextDuringVote>Yes</displayAnswerTextDuringVote><displayAnswerTextWithResponses>Yes</displayAnswerTextWithResponses><questionSlideID></questionSlideID><controlBarState>Expanded</controlBarState><isGridColorKnownColor>True</isGridColorKnownColor><gridColorName>Yellow</gridColorName><AutoRec></AutoRec><AutoRecTimeIntrvl></AutoRecTimeIntrvl><chartVotesView>Percentage</chartVotesView><chartLabelsColor>0,0,0</chartLabelsColor><isChartLabelColorKnownColor>True</isChartLabelColorKnownColor><chartLabelColorName>Black</chartLabelColorName><chartXAxisLabelType>Full Text</chartXAxisLabelType></Settings> <?xml version="1.0"?><AllAnswers /> Childhood & Adolescent Anxiety disorders

2. Fast Facts About Anxiety in Children Childhood = toddlerhood to puberty (2-12 years of age) Anxiety is ubiquitous, appropriate in new situations, and in response to stressors Arvind Balarvaman www.freedigitalphotos.net Normal/expected anxiety vs. anxiety disorder Anxiety disorders affect 8-10% of children Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood and adolescent years Anxiety disorders often present with physical symptoms 2

3. Fast Facts About Anxiety in Children • Different anxiety disorders throughout life • e.g. Separation anxiety disorder • A common childhood anxiety disorder • Can be a precursor for other anxiety disorders and depression in adolescents and young adults • Anxiety disorder can lead to: • Poor economic, vocational, interpersonal outcomes • Increased morbidity: • comorbid anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, and alcohol and drug abuse) and mortality (suicide) • Significant negative impact on family, social and school functioning • Chronic anxiety disorder can lead to: • Poorer physical health outcomes • Increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in mid-life

4. Fast Facts About Anxiety in Adolescents • Adolescence = puberty to mid-twenties • Anxiety disorders affect 8-10% of young people • Most anxiety disorders begin in childhood & adolescence • Anxiety disorders are often hereditary • Many individuals with anxiety disorders experience physical symptoms that they present to their health care provider. • An individual can be affected by different anxiety disorders throughout their lifespan. • Separation anxiety disorder can be a precursor for other anxiety disorders in adolescents and young adults. • Social Anxiety Disorder; Panic Disorder = teen onset

5. Fast Facts About Anxiety in Adolescents • Effective treatments for most young people with an anxiety disorder can be provided by first contact health providers • Always assess parents for the presence of an anxiety disorder if a diagnosis of anxiety disorder or depression has been made in a child • If a parent has an anxiety disorder or depression, successful treatment of child will include effective treatment for the parent

6. Delivery of Effective Treatment for Anxiety Disorders 6 Key Steps • Identification of children at risk • Useful methods for screening and diagnosis • Treatment template • Suicide assessment • Safety/contingency planning • Referral flags

7. I. Identification of Children & Youth At Risk • Ideal position of first contact health providers • To identify youth at risk to develop an anxiety disorder. • Screen usual-risk youth at routine vaccination and start of school visits ID: 1314903 stockxchng

8. Anxiety Disorder Identification Table

9. A Child is Identified At Risk What To Do? • Educate about risk • Obtain family history • “Clinical review” threshold • Standing “mental health check-up” • Confidentiality, understanding & informed consent

10. Educate About Risk • Not inevitable, but… • Even with numerous risk factors, mental health disorder is not inevitable, but may occur. • The sooner diagnosed and treated the better • More helpful to check possibility than ignore symptoms • Educate Parents • Educate about potential risks for anxiety in their children • Create awareness of familial risk for mental disorders • Entire family should be made aware • Youth awareness at appropriate age.

11. Obtain Family History • Part of routine for all patients • Include: • Mental disorders • Substance abuse • Treatment type • Treatment outcome • Helps identify youth at risk

12. Standing “Mental Health Check-up” Screen at-risk youth every 6 months 15 minute office/clinical visits every 6 months • Anxiety symptoms worsen: • - During school year • Before first weeks of school • Should not cause severe distress or dysfunction Anxiety symptoms decrease: - In summer months - After first few weeks of school

13. Additional Questions for Child Anxiety & OCD • Does your child worry more than other children you know? • Do you need to reassure your child excessively and about the same things over and over? • Does your child have difficulty separating from you to go to school or over to a friend’s house? • What does your child worry about? • Does worry/anxiety ever stop your child from doing something new or an activity they would enjoy? • Does your child get a lot of stomach aches and headaches? When do they occur? • Are there any events/activities/people/places that your child avoids because of fear or anxiety

14. Additional Questions for Child Anxiety & OCD • Describe your child’s sleep routine (where, when, quality, night routine)? • Has your child ever missed school or had to come home from school early due to anxiety? • Has your child ever had an anxiety attack where their heart raced, they couldn’t catch their breath, they felt dizzy or lightheaded and thought they might be dying? • Does your child have ideas or images that come into their mind and they can’t control them? • Does your child have any routines or behaviours they need to do that don’t seem to make sense or be goal directed? (e.g. ask about germs/dirt worries and handwashing/cleaning, also counting and checking rituals) • What would be different for your child and for your family if they didn’t have anxiety/worry?

15. Standing “Mental Health Check-up”: Screening • Ask parents, “How does your child compare to other children of similar age regarding such issues as… • Being away from parent? • Need for reassurance? • Comfort with exploring new situations? • Physical complaints? • If child shows substantially more anxiety type symptoms, assess for presence of anxiety disorder or other mental health problem.

16. D. Standing “Mental Health Check-up” Standing “Mental Health Check-up” School reports and patterns - Difficulty concentrating - Declining grades - Frequent late arrival - Frequent absences Physical complaints - Stomach aches - Nausea - Headaches - School mornings/end of weekend ID 1067398 stockxchng 16

17. Education About Anxiety Disorders • Education should include discussion of: • Risks and benefits of anxiety treatment • Confidentiality and informed consent to treatment • For both child and parents • Explain to parents • What they might expect their child to feel like • How the treatment will occur if it is necessary • Expected outcomes, side-effects and time lines

18. Differentiating Distress from Disorder • Appropriate/Adaptive Anxiety • Short duration (< a few weeks) • Resolves spontaneously, or • Ameliorated by social supported or environmental modification • Anxiety Disorder • Long duration (usually lasting many months) • Significantly interferes with functioning • Is often out of sync with magnitude of stressor • Usually require health provider intervention • Diagnosis made using DSM-V criteria Tina Phillips freedigitalphotos.net

20. Useful Methods for Screening & Diagnosis • Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) • 41 item anxiety screen and monitoring tool • Child and youth self report • Parent report • Provide family with feedback on test results • Screen highly anxious youth for depression • Anxiety disorders increase risk of developing depression; more common to develop in adolescents • Important risk factor for self harm and suicide

21. Useful Methods for Screening & Diagnosis • Psychotherapeutic Support for Teens (PST) • Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS) • A screening tool for depression • Teen or Child Functional Assessment (TeFA; CFA) • Self-report tool (child depending) • 3 minutes to complete • Assists in evaluating four functional domains of teen mental health • School • Home • Work • Friends • Tool for Assessment of Suicide Risk (TASR-A)

22. Use of SCARED in Assessment Anxiety disorder is suspected: if score of 25 or higher Use score items as a guide for further questioning Scoring information can be found in the toolkit

23. Child / Teen Anxiety Disorder is Suspected • SCARED score is 25 or higher • Discuss issues/problems in child’s life/environment • Ask about school, home, activities, friends & family • Anxiety disorders interfere with normal development tasks and functioning • Offer supportive non-judgmental problem solving assistance • Encourage general self-care of parent and child • Decreases stress • Regular, adequate sleep • Consistent physical activity • Healthy eating • Promote positive social activities

24. Child Anxiety Disorder is Suspected • Screen for: • Depression & Suicide risk • Screen for suicide as appropriate • “When you feel sad or scared, do you ever think about not wanting to be alive?” • Ask parent to keep a diary • Record concerns • Signs and symptoms child expresses • How severe, impact of severity and response to problem • Schedule 2nd mental health checkup in 1 – 2 wks

25. 2nd Mental Health Checkup (1 – 2 wks following initial visit) • More comprehensive • Include a functional assessment • Review DSM - V criteria • Supportive education and discussion with parents • Strategize with parents to deal with problems related to anxiety

26. 3rd Mental Health Checkup(2 – 3 wks following 2nd visit) • Repeat SCARED • If symptoms persist review DSM-V criteria. • Make a treatment plan for anxiety disorder • If concerns of depression persist • Treatment is best applied in a specialty mental health setting or with guidance of child psychiatrist • If depression suspected, refer to appropriate service, but start treatment for anxiety disorder.

27. Teen Anxiety Disorder is Suspected SCARED score is 25 or higher • Discuss issues/problems in the youth’s life/environment. • Teen Functional Activities Assessment (TeFA) • Supportive, non-judgmental problem solving assistance – Psychotherapeutic Support for Teens (PST)as a guide • Strongly encourage and prescribe: • Exercise • Regulated sleep • Regulated eating • Positive social activities

28. Teen Anxiety Disorder is Suspected • Screen for depression • Use the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Screen (KADS) • Screen for suicide risk • Use the Tool for Assessment of Suicide Risk (TASR) • Mental Health Check-ups • Second visit one week from visit • Can include TeFA and/or PST (15 – 20 mins) • If suicide or depression concerns use KADS & TASR-A • Third visit two weeks later • Repeat SCARED and other tools as indicated • Make treatment plan as indicated

29. Teen Anxiety Disorder is Suspected • If Panic Disorder: • Complete Panic Attack Diary • Complete (Difficult Places to Go and Things to Do)DPG:TD Diary • If Social Anxiety Disorder • Complete (Kutcher Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder Scale for Adolescents) K-GSADS-A

30. Don’t Get Overwhelmed Onset of anxiety disorder is not an emergency • Use clinical tools to assist with diagnosis • Integrate details in assessment interviews • 3 – 15 min visits • If concern for depression and/or suicide, screen at each visit.

31. Separation Anxiety Disorder • Fear something bad will happen to them or loved one when apart • Avoid being apart from parent or caregiver • Significant distress/anxiety when separated or anticipating separation • Criteria for diagnosis: • School age & have experienced distress for at least 4 weeks • Physical symptoms: headache, stomach ache, behavioral outbursts, crying, clinging and/or yelling. • Difficulty with babysitters, sleeping alone, getting to school. • Child misses out on social opportunities • Interferes with development of age appropriate independence and academic success.

32. Specific Phobia • Fear of object or situation • Out of proportion to actual danger • Anxiety response is extreme/unreasonable • Criteria for diagnosis • Persist for 6 months • Significant distress & impairment of functioning • Avoidant behavior • Distress and/or panic attacks • Treat or not treat

33. General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • “Master Worriers” • Excessive, unrealistic and unhelpful distress and worry around everyday events and responsibilities • Persists for at least 6 months • Distress mentally and physically • Tension, irritability, muscle aches & pains, difficulty concentrating, tiredness, headache, stomach ache, nausea & lightheadedness, difficulty sleeping, avoidance patterns, seeking excessive reassurance • Lack of enjoyment and avoidance of daily activities

34. Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) • Onset • Junior high or middle school • Symptoms • Shy or introverted (inaccurate) • Severe anxiety in social situations • Avoidance and isolation • Impacts development of identity and independence • Risks • Depression, substance abuse and school drop out

35. Panic Disorder • Acute symptoms • Panic attacksOccur ‘out of the blue’ with no warningThink they are having heart attack, asthma attack, stroke, seizure • Anxiety & fear of additional attacks • Rapid debilitation in daily life • Risks • Avoidance patterns & agoraphobia • Depression • Suicide 35

36. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Obsessions • Distressing intrusive thoughts, urges and/or images • Common themes – Illness and danger • Compulsions • Repetitive behaviours or rituals performed to relieve distress and anxiety associated with obsessions • Common themes - cleaning, washing and checking behaviors • Causes significant distress • Take up more than 1 hour each day • Repetitive images or thoughts (e.g. violent, religious or sexual) • Lead to compulsions of praying or counting • Avoidance behaviors & efforts to suppress obsessive thoughts

37. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Two peaks of onset • Childhood (pre puberty) • Later Adolescence • Obsessions or compulsions are irrational • Children/youth may not realize this • Frustration and anger if can’t keep OCD satisfied • Most often a gradual onset • Difficulty concentrating, getting out of the house, getting dressed or decreased food intake • Negative impact on family functioning • Family members often help out with routines • High rates of depression

39. Additional Questions for Teen Anxiety & OCD • Do you worry more than other teens you know? • What do you worry about? • Does worry/anxiety ever stop you from doing something that you would like to be able to do? • Are there any events/activities/people/places that you avoid because of fear or anxiety? • Describe your sleep routine (where, when, quality, night routine)? • Have you ever missed school or had to come home from school early due to anxiety? • Have you ever had anxiety where your heart raced, you couldn’t catch your breath, you felt dizzy or lightheaded and thought you might be dying? • Do you get a lot of stomach aches and headaches? • Do you have trouble concentrating? • Do you have ideas or images that come into your mind and you can’t control them? • Do you have any routines or behaviours you need to do to relieve anxiety or distressful thoughts or images? (e.g. ask about germs/dirt worries and hand washing/cleaning, also counting and checking rituals) • What would be different for you if you didn’t have anxiety/worry?

40. III. Childhood Anxiety Treatment Template • Specific Factors • Evidence based treatments: • Structured psychotherapies (e.g. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - CBT) • Medication • Non-specific Factors • Activities • Decrease stress, improve mood and general well-being • Supportive psychological interventions • PST in toolkit guide

41. Enroll the Help of Others Who does the child want to help them? Family Babysitter Teacher School Counselor Neighbor Coach Support Helps Reduce Stress For Children Inquire about school performance; academic supports may be needed

42. Parent/Caretaker Involvement • Essential for information on child’s emotional state and function • Differing opinions between child and parent • Joint discussion to clarify and appropriately plan • Ensure confidentiality throughout process

43. Psychotherapy • First line treatment • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) • Strong evidence based practice with CBT alone • Often improves anxiety without medication • Barriers to CBT • Long waiting lists, psychotherapies not available • Family cannot access services • If barriers to CBT • Implement medications, wellness enhancing activities and supportive rapport • Monitor outcome regularly: refer if no change or worse

44. Suggested Websites Anxiety BC website www.anxietybc.com Youth anxiety/depression treatment guideline algorithm www.bcguidelines.ca/gpac/guideline_depressyouth.html#algorithm American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry www.aacap.org Teen Mental Health www.teenmentalhealth.org