Martin Kroon Ministry of the Environment The Netherlands [with support from Henk Stoelhorst, RWS] - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

SPEED LIMITS AND ECO-DRIVINGLower Speed Limits, Strict Enforcement & Stimulating Eco-Driving for Better Air Quality & Reducing CO2 Emissions in the NetherlandsCare4Air, A Clearer FutureSheffield, September 21st, 2005

Martin Kroon

Ministry of the Environment

The Netherlands

[with support from Henk Stoelhorst, RWS]

NL air quality policiesthe Netherlands most polluted EU country due to50%-80% transboundary pollution from UK/B/F/D +dense population,cars/trucks/shipping volumesMany urban NO2/PM10 hotspot road sections10 high density highway hotspots Randstad900 M Euro air quality package 2005 – 2015National/local measures [traffic/infra/town planning, stricter Euro standards essential]Priority for diesel DPF subsidies /retrofit

• The NL highway network designed for a (safe) maximum speed of 120 km/hr [HDV: 80 km/hr]
• Since the 1973 energy crisis the general speed limit on all motorways is 100 km/h [other: 80/50/30 km/hr]
• Due to poor enforcement, faster cars and lower fuel prices, real speeds in 1986: V50=112 km/hr.
• Left – right controversy over raising limit [1983-1987]
• New speed limits since 1988 based on Safety + Env :
• - 100 km/h near Randstad urban areas (17% net.)
• - 120 km/h general speed limit (83% network)
• In vehicle km: 30% (100 km/hr) : 70% (120 km/hr)
• Policy target set at V50 = 106 km/hr [all network]

• Multiplied enforcement [fines up to 2 M/yr!] + tactics + communication campaigns: drop in real speeds after 1988; speeds stable at V50=109 km/hr = 2%- 4% CO2/NOx traffic emissions reduction, as of 2000 extra Euro 11 M /yr to enforcement [Climate Change Policy budget; funding < fines]
• Since 2000 extra speed limit reduction discussed due to local air quality problems: 80 km/hr pilot project at Rotterdam-Overschie since 2002
• 2004: after positive evaluation in-depth analysis of 9 top hotspots and strategic review of speed limits

• Air quality, noise, safety and flow benefits
• Speed limit enforcement with electronic section control [av.speed check]:100%
• Speeding offences: only 2%!
• V50 dropped from <100 to <80 km/hr
• Reduction NOx emissions: 15-25%
• Reduction NO2 concentrations: 5-10% [5 mgr]
• Reduction PM10 emissions: 25-35%
• Reduction PM10 concentrations:<5% [3 mgr.]
• Accident reduction: >50%!
• Traffic calming [keep-your-lane] better flow
• Local people and politicians happy

• No easy job [modelling, methodology, input!]
• Effects differ per location due to congestion/traffic/background:
• Reduction local NOx traffic emissions: 4 - 20 %
• Reduction total local NO2 concentrations: 0,5 – 6 %
• Noise reduction: circa 1 dB(A)
• Accident reduction: 20 – 50 %
• Throughput: more stable
• Traffic flow/driver behaviour effect promising [ecodriving]
• Communicating use of top gear at 80 km/hr needed for effects
• Parliament 2004 decision: 80 km/hr with strict enforcement at:
• A10 West Amsterdam, A20 Rotterdam, A12 Utrecht, A12 The Hague

Location

Motorway section

Average reduction NO2 concentration

Average reduction road traffic NOx

emission

A10 West Amsterdam

3 - 6%

12 - 20%

A20 Rotterdam

1 - 3%

7 - 9%

A13 Overschie

4 - 6%

10 - 14%

A16 Dordrecht

0,5 - 2%

4 - 7%

A12 The Hague/Voorburg

2 - 3%

7 - 10%

A9 Badhoevedorp

1 - 2%

10 - 14%

A12 Utrecht 80/100

2 - 3%

6 - 10%

A16 Rotterdam

1 - 2%

7 - 9%

[1] Dichtbij de weg (50 à 100 meter); gemiddeld wil zeggen over de voor ieder traject representatieve profielen waarvoor de berekeningen zijn gedaan

[1] Dichtbij de weg (50 à 100 meter); gemiddeld wil zeggen over de voor ieder traject representatieve profielen waarvoor de berekeningen zijn gedaan

• NL highway speed limits based on road safety, network design [traffic flow], the environment and feasability of enforcement: 120,100, 80 km/hr
• Speed reduction through section control is effective instrument for local air quality and noise, to combine with ecodriving
• Strict and effective enforcement [plus full electronic processing] is feasible
• Win-win effects overcome conflict of interests: reducing pollution, accidents, noise, congestion and costs through lower speeds [travel times still OK!]

• VEHICLE TRENDS [cars]
• Constant upgrading in safety, weight, power and performance
• Average new car: 1700 cc, 100 HP, 200 km/hr, 1200 kg [NL]
• Electr. engine man. + 3way cat.= low pollution in testcycle
• DRIVER BEHAVIOUR TRENDS=driver<>vehicle interaction
• Old fashioned driving style dominant [low gears/high RPM]
• Aggression, fun [“Top Gear”!], self expression, risk compensation
• Speed and vehicle dynamics dominant risk/pollution factors
• More driver self-restraint needed than ever before [hp/km/acc.]
• POLLUTION TRENDS [ road traffic]
• Traffic [diesel!] emissions dominate local hotspots
• Hard measures [tech.] promising, soft measures [behav.] ready

ECO-DRIVING advanced training

• Up to 25% individual fuel savings potential
• 5-10% savings in fleet owner practice

ECO-DRIVING.... HOW?

Less engine speed: gear change at 2000 – 2500 RPM [cars, LDV]

Less vehicle dynamics (acceleration/ deceleration/ speeding/ overtaking/ aggression: anticipation)

less idling / cold start short trips, tyre pressure +10%

CAPACITY >>Training, communication, in-car devices(on-board computer, cruise control, RPM, MDD, GSI)

ECCP: EU 15 reduction estimates:

10% fuel costs = 25 billion litres / Euro = >50 Mton CO2

18

1th gear

16

14

2nd gear

3rd gear

12

l/100 km

10

287*

8

4th gear

5th gear

6

382*

4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

km/h

5th

4th

3rd

120

gears

100

2nd

80

km/h

60

1st

40

20

0

revs/min

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

How Gear Shifting Affects Fuel Consumption

Seat Ibiza 1,4 l. 55 kW at 50 km/hr:in 2nd gear = 3600 RPM = 8 km/lin 3rd gear = 2600 RPM = 12 km/lin 4th gear = 1900 RPM = 17 km/lin 5th gear = 1400 RPM = 21 km/l

Feedback unit

Communicating eco-driving today!!

“You can save 10% - 25% fuel today when you:”

Keep your engine speeds between 1200 – 3000 RPM

Change gears (up) at 2000 – 2500 RPM [“80 in 5!”]

Avoid strong accelerations and full throttle

Use your RPM meter / board computer / cruise control

Live up to (highway) speed limits or max.120 km/hr

Add 10% to standard tyre pressure

Less use of airco [= >10% f.c.] or set >21°C.

Use your bike for short trips [cold start = 300% f.c.]

• Eco-driving part of CO2 / hotspot policy
• Eco-driving part of road safety/speed limit policies
• ECO-DRIVING programming and networking
• PARTNERS: business organisations and institutions [car business, HDV transport, fuels, driver training, insurance, car lobby, media, lease/fleet owners, NGO’s, local govts., road safety lobby, consumer org. ]
• www.ecodrive.org + www.hetnieuwerijden.nl priority:
• Training of professional drivers [national, corporate]
• Driving licenses and training the trainers [national, EU]
• Awareness raising and mass media communication [id.]
• Fuel saving in-car devices [EU + car industry]
• Tyre pressure, speed limit enforcement [EU/ACEA, nat.]