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Argentina

Argentina. Background to Peron: 1830-1930. Internal Struggles. After independence, Buenos Aires and the interior grew apart. 3 factions emerged “Unitarians” ( Unitarios ) “Federalists” ( Federales ) from interior “Federalists” ( Federales ) from BA. Juan Manuel de Rosas.

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Argentina

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  1. Argentina Background to Peron: 1830-1930

  2. Internal Struggles • After independence, Buenos Aires and the interior grew apart. • 3 factions emerged • “Unitarians” (Unitarios) • “Federalists” (Federales) from interior • “Federalists” (Federales) from BA

  3. Juan Manuel de Rosas • born Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rozas y López de Osornio • Federalist from BA • Full-fledged Caudillo • Violence-filled, repressive term • Opposed liberal reforms • Unites Argentina • Battle of Caseros

  4. Justo Jose de Urquiza • Federalist from interior • Called for constitutional convention • Creates similar constitution to US • Buenos Aires problems

  5. Early 20th Century • World War I • Economic Prosperity: 1880-1929 • Electoral Reform • Law 1420 of Common Education

  6. Immigration (1870-1914) • Problem: shortage of manpower • 1869-1914: 2 million  8 million • Golondrinas • Changes due to immigration • Occupational • Social status • Violence • Assimilation

  7. Argentina Background to Peron: 1930-1946

  8. The Great Depression • Conservative Restoration • Problems of the Depression • Decline in exports, heavy debt • Response to the Depression • Public spending cuts • Increased tariffs • Roca-RuncimanAgreement (1933) • Central Bank (1934) • Actually suffered very little in Depression

  9. 1930’s Nationalism • By-product of treaty with England • English taking advantage of them • Fearful of British • FORJA (1935) • Fuerza de Orientación Radical de la Joven Argentina • Radical youth movement • "We want a free Argentina!"

  10. World War II • Minor role – neutral until 1945 • Imports and exports with Europe fell • Relationship with England • Relationship with the US

  11. Argentina Juan Perón

  12. The Infamous Decade • 1930 coup overthrew President Yrigoyen • ends democracy • replaced with corruption & repression • General Justo, 1932 • Roberto Ortiz, 1937 • Ramon Castillo, 1942 • GOU formed, 1943 • Election of 1946

  13. Perón’s Rise to Power • Perón the officer • Part of 1930 coup • Toured Europe before WWII • Loved Mussolini’s Italy • Part of 1943 GOU coup • Became Labor Secretary • Very popular with all labor • Oct 1945: Perón arrested • descamisados & Evita help get his release

  14. Perón the President • Runs in 1946 Election • Eva Perón (Evita) campaigns heavily • Elected democratically with 54% of vote • Very popular with masses • Evita is even more!

  15. Maria Eva Duarte (Evita Perón) • Born 1919 • Lower class background • 1935: Comes to Buenos Aires at age 15 • Eventually finds a job as actress • By 1943, she is the star of a radio soap show • Meets Juan in 1944, married in 1945

  16. EvitaPerón • 1947: The Rainbow Tour • Unofficial Health and Labor Minister • Never forgot her roots • Never accepted by social elites • Created a personality cult for Juan • 1951: Vice-President candidate • Renouncement of VP candidacy • 1952: Dies of cancer at age 32 • 1955: Juan overthrown

  17. EvitaPerón

  18. Perónin Power • Perón was a populist & nationalist • Social justice for workers • But, constantly abused constitutional power • Feared opposition • Friendship with Axis power • Perónismsimilar to fascism • Argentina became haven for Nazis • Anti-England and anti-US

  19. Perón in Power • Not anti-capitalism • Admired corporatism • Developmental strategy • Increase economic independence • Improve industry & workers conditions • High tariffs • IAPI: gov’tmonopoly on agricultural commodities • No agrarian reforms

  20. Perón in Retrospect • Why did he fail? • Economic problems • Radical Perónists • Church problems • Durabiltyof Perónism • Ruled a long time • Tough to get rid of the ideals

  21. Post-Perón Argentina • 1955-1973 Military Stewardship • Military went through numerous presidents • Tried to eliminate Perónism(outlaw party, etc.) • Violence between pro- & anti-Perónists • Sluggish economy hurt all efforts • 1957-58 Elections – Radicals & Frondizi win • Frondizi launches major economic program with foreign investment help • 1962-63 Elections show Perónistsstill strong • 1966 another military coup, then civil war by 1970

  22. Post-Perón Argentina • Revolutionary left grew in power • Perón seen as only answer • 1973 returns to power at age 78, dies a year later • New wife, Isabel was his VP then LaPresidente • Economic problems – runaway inflation • Violence continues between right & left

  23. Post-Perón Argentina • Military returns to power in 1977 • 1976-1983: “Dirty War” • The Desaparecidos(the disappeared) • President Videla: "They are neither dead nor alive, they disappeared.”

  24. Malvinas/Falkland Island War • 1982 – war with Great Britain

  25. Malvinas/Falkland Island War • 1982

  26. Post WWII Argentina • Persistent economic problems stem from failure to adjust • Possess great stengths (agriculture, oil, labor, etc.) • Perónismwas inward-looking economically • Failed to create self-sustaining growth • Failed to diversify economy • Post-Perónpolicies were contradictory

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