Andrew Jackson: 1767 - 1845

1. Andrew Jackson: 1767 - 1845

2. Essential Question: Champion of the “Common Man”? “King”Andrew? OR

3. What were the democratic trends in the 19c?

4. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

5. Voter Turnout: 1820 - 1860

6. Why Increased Democratization? • White male suffrage increased • Party nominating committees. • Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. • Spoils system. • Rise of Third Parties. • Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.) • Two-party system returned in the 1832 election: • Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854) • Democrats (1828)

7. Jackson's Early Life

8. Jackson’s First Hermitage Residence • Born on the border of North and South Carolina in 1767 in a log cabin on the frontier • His parents were immigrants from Ireland • His dad died before he was born, so he was raised by a single mother in poverty

9. First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

10. General Jackson – A Military Man • Joined the American Revolution at age of 13 • Became an American hero due to series of victories in the War of 1812 • Creek War Victory; Battle of New Orleans • Seminole Wars • Wars fought between the United States and the Seminole native Americans from 1817-1818, again from 1835-1842, and finally from 1855-1858 • Jackson led the American troops into Florida to search for runaway slaves and the Native Americans that were helping them • These wars ultimately led to the addition of Florida to the United States

11. Personal Life • Studied law in Salisbury, NC • Apprenticed with prominent lawyers • Practiced in Tennessee • Made money in real estate by buying and selling properties in GA and AL • Married Rachel Robards • Caused great controversy as they married in 1791 before she was officially divorced • Married again *for real* in 1794

12. Jackson's First Presidential Run

13. The “Common Man’s”Presidential Candidate “Old Hickory” Given to him by soldiers he commanded Meant he was as tough as the wood on a hickory tree “Sharp Knife” Given by Native Americans He was ruthless in dealing with them

14. Jackson’s Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay[KY] John Quincy Adams[MA] John C. Calhoun[SC] William H. Crawford[GA]

15. Results of the 1824 Election • A “Corrupt Bargain?” • Jackson received the most popular votes, but not a majority of the electoral votes • Went to the House of Representatives, who elected J.Q. Adams • Adams won presidency, Henry Clay became Secretary of State

16. What were the key issues in 1828?

17. Rachel Jackson Final Divorce Decree • Jackson blamed the scandal caused by Adams led Rachel to die of a broken heart • Did grieving for his wife distract Andrew Jackson from running a successful campaign?

18. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

19. 1828 Election Results

20. The Center of Population in theCountry Moves WEST

21. The New “Jackson Coalition” • The Planter Elite in the South • People on the Frontier • State Politicians – spoils system • In office, Jackson hired many of his supporters – “to the victor goes the spoils…” • Kitchen Cabinet – unofficial advisors • Immigrants in the cities.

22. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man” • Intense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege. • His heart & soul was with the“plain folk.” • Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

23. The Reign of “King Mob” • Jackson was the first president to be of common birth, and actually invited the general public to his inauguration • "Ladies fainted, men were seen with bloody noses and such a scene of confusion took place as is impossible to describe."

24. Andrew Jackson as President

25. The “Peggy Eaton Affair” • John Eaton and his wife, Peggy, were not socially accepted by other members of the cabinet • This reminded Jackson of his own wife and he ordered the cabinet members to make their wives socialize with Peggy • Members of Jackson’s cabinet became so intrigued and distracted by the Peggy Eaton affair, that they could barely do their jobs • Ultimately led to the resignation of John C. Calhoun, whose wife refused to socialize with Peggy

26. Tariff Issue & The Nullification Crisis

27. The Webster-Hayne Debate Tariff of 1828 Sen. Daniel Webster – Senator from Massachusetts Sen. Robert Hayne – Senator from South Carolina

28. 1830 Webster:Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson:Our Federal Union—it must be preserved. Calhoun:The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

29. Nullification Crisis • New Tariff of 1828 caused the South to claim that it was a “tariff of abominations” • Tariff caused a rise in prices and economic problems in the south • States’ rights advocate, John C. Calhoun, secretly authors the South Carolina Exposition and Protest • Creates doctrine that said states could nullify federal laws if they followed a set process

30. Nullification Crisis • Jackson said nullification does not exist and that “disunion by armed force is treason” • Force Bill – presidential authority to use force on nullifying states • Clay develops compromise, Webster agrees, SC and Calhoun back down – no force necessary

31. Jackson's Native-American Policy

32. Five Civilized Tribes • Many Indian tribes began to adopt the ways of the white American setters • Five Civilized Tribes  Seminole, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee • Cherokee had developed a significant civilization  farming, written language (Sequoyah) and leaders like John Ross • Jackson believed that Indians and Whites should not mix • Gold was discovered on Cherokee land in 1829 – state gov’t wanted land

33. Indian Removal • Jackson wanted to negotiate treaties for Indian Removal, but many tribes did not want to move • 1830 – 1st Removal Act was passed • Money was offered to tribes that would relocate; many resisted in court • 1831 – Cherokee Nation v. GA • 1st attempt at self-government; Supreme Court said natives have rights to their lands, but not as an independent nation • 1832 – Worchester v. GA • John Marshall said Native land rights have to be recognized • Jackson refused to enforce  “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

34. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

35. Indian Removal

36. Trail of Tears • Cherokee Indians were forcibly removed from their land, along with other tribes throughout the southeast • 16,000 Indians were forced to leave GA, NC, SC, and TN • Winter of 1838-1839  Cherokee were forced to take a grueling march 1,200 miles to Indian Territory in modern day Oklahoma • Many died of whooping cough, typhus, dysentery, cholera, and starvation along the way

37. Trail of Tears (1838-1839)

38. Jackson’s Professed “Love” forNative Americans

39. Renewing the Charter of the 1st National Bank

40. Jackson’s Use of Federal Power VETO 1830 Maysville Roadproject in KY[vetoed for political or personal reasons?]

41. The National Bank Debate President Jackson (thought bank had too much power) NicholasBiddle (President of the National Bank – wanted the charter extended)

42. Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S. “Soft”(paper) $ “Hard”(specie) $ • state bankers feltit restrained theirbanks from issuingbank notes freely. • supported rapid economic growth & speculation. • felt that coin was the only safecurrency. • didn’t like any bankthat issued banknotes. • suspicious of expansion &speculation.

43. The “Monster” Is Destroyed! • “pet banks”? • Jackson puts the money that would have gone into the 2nd National Bank into selected state banks • 1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2ndNational Bank of the United States. • 1836  the charter expired. • 1841  the bank went bankrupt!

44. The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

45. An 1832 Cartoon: “KingAndrew”?

46. 1832 Election Results

47. The Specie Circular (1836) • “wildcat banks.” • banks were chartered by state law without any federal oversight • To fight inflation, Jackson tries to only buy future federal land with gold or silver.

48. Results of the Specie Circular • Banknotes loose their value. • Land sales plummeted. • Credit not available. • Businesses began to fail. • Unemployment rose. The Panic of 1837!

49. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren (Jackson’s former VP – handpicked to be his successor) “Old Kinderhook”[O. K.]

50. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!