“ Energy – Alternate Solutions for India’s Needs”

1. Potential Alternate Fuels & Energy sources for India “ Energy – Alternate Solutions for India’s Needs”

2. Sustainability Generally avoiding human activities that negatively impact natural environment But to sustain human growth & progress meeting their needs R&D scientists & engineers to keep ‘sustainability’ aspect in mind While developing new technology/ alternate energy sources etc.

3. World Total Primary Energy Share Renewables Oil Nuclear Coal Natural Gas SOURCE: International Energy Agency, Renewables in Global Energy Supply (2003)

4. World Total Primary Energy Supply 12 12.5% Share of Renewables in Total TPES (%) 12.9% 13.3% 13.8% 13.5% 13.3% 14.0% SOURCE: International Energy Agency, Renewables in Global Energy Supply (2003)

5. Energy Sources – Indian Scenario

6. Challenges • Continuous growth in energy requirement • Stringent environmental regulations • Soaring crude oil prices and • reduced availability (?) • Energy security for our country Alternate fuels/ energy sources could be a solution

7. Alternative fuels/ energy sources • Presently in use • ‘Gaseous’ fuels (LPG, CNG/LNG, Bio/ Gober (cow dung) gas • Nuclear energy • Ethanol • Wind energy • Emerging fuels/ energy sources & technologies • Bio-diesel • Gasification (Biomass/ coal/ Petcoke/ residue) & GTL • Solar/ Solar- thermal energy • Wave energy • Hydrogen energy • Fuel cells DFR preparation under progress (alongwith EPRI,USA)

8. Biofuels in Indian Perspective • Biofuels will ensure energy security of the country • Biofuels production will generate employment opportunities for rural masses • Greening of waste lands by plantation • Biofuels will promote integrated Holistic rural development

9. Biofuels - Sources • Ethanol – Molasses, Beet, Sorghum, sugar • Transesterified vegetable oils • In India: Likely candidates • Non edible oils • Jatropha curcas • Karanjia (Pongamia-Pinneta)

10. Ethanol

11. R&D Studies Conducted at IOC using Ethanol Gasoline Blends • Cold / hot startability and driveability studies • Emission testing using alcohol blends • Controlled field trials - fuel system compatability and engine durability

12. 5% Ethanol-gasoline Pilot Projects • Pilot Projects have been launched in; • Maharashtra - Miraj (Hazarwadi) on 15.4.2001 -Manmad (Panewadi) on 24.6.2001 • Uttar Pradesh - Bareilly (Anola) on 22.6.2001

13. Issues related to Ethanol use in India • Ethanol blending in Gasoline beyond 5% is yet to be approved by vehicle manufacturers. • Ethanol in diesel is not acceptable to fuel injection equipment manufacturers. • Ethanol is diesel also raises concern about safety on account of lower Flash point. • Sustained availability of Ethanol at reasonable price is another issue of concern.

14. Status of Ethanol use in India • Oil Companies commissioned Pilot projects in sugarcane growing states as per the directives of MoP&NG • IOC R&D undertaken detailed studies on a fleet of vehicles using ethanol blends. • Based on the success of 3 Pilot projects, Govt. made ethanol blend mandatory in 9 states and 4 UTs. • OMCs extended the supply of 5% ethanol gasoline blend in various states during 2003 – 05. • Adequate supply of ethanol is not available in the country for last two years

15. Biodiesel

16. Biodiesel – An Emerging Renewable Option • Renewable source – from vegetable seeds/ oils • Non-toxic and biodegradable • Lower greenhouse gas emissions than diesel • Lower exhaust emissions from engines • Better fuel properties than diesel like cetane number, sulphur content, lubricity, flash point etc.

17. Jatropha & Karanjia, Vegitable plants of Choice for India

18. Biodiesel Studies at IOC R&D • Developed process for esterification of vegetable oils and already produced several batches of bio-diesel from various vegetable oils • Physico-chemical testing of HSD and Biodiesel blends • Storage Stability and Material Compatibility Studies • Startability, Driveability, power and Mass emission tests on vehicles • Chemical Speciation of Particulate Matter (Pm) collected during emission testing

19. IOC Initiatives on Biodiesel • Trans-esterification process optimization, patenting and commercialization, Know How Transferred to M/s Venus Ethoxyethers,Goa on Technology Fee and Royalty basis • Testing of LOCO engine with Biodiesel and diesel blends jointly with RDSO • Vehicle performance and Emission studies jointly with Escorts, Tata motors and Mahindra & Mahindra • Field trials on buses jointly with Haryana Roadways, Gujarat Roadways & Tata Motors

20. IOC – Indian Railways MoU • Jatropha plantation on 70 Ha of Railway land. • Studies on 16 Cylinder ALCO Engine (3100 HP) on B5, B10 and B20. • Shatabdi & Jan Shatabadi Train Trial Runs conducted earlier & 5 Trains through Lucknow to run on 10% Bio-diesel from June, 06.

21. Tata Motors – IOC Joint Project • Evaluation of neat diesel and upto B20 on 4 passenger cars and 2 Light Commercial vehicles • Engine oil condition monitoring, Material compatibility and durability of engine to be assessed by Tata Motors • Tata Motors Employee buses – 43 Nos. already running on B10 in Pune.

22. Haryana roadways – IOC Joint Project • 20 buses running on 5% Biodiesel blend for almost one year • Driveability performance observed satisfactory and smoke found lower • Based on the success of trials so far Haryana Roadways agreed to convert entire Gurgaon and Nuh depot to 5% Biodiesel • Biodiesel blending facility created at Rewari terminal of IOC

23. Biodiesel Emission Life Cycle

24. Biodiesel Purchase policy • Biodiesel policy has been announced by MoP&NG on 9th October, 2005 at IOC R&D Centre for the purchase of Biodiesel. • The Biodiesel policy will involve the PRIs for Jatropha plantations and oil extractions by establishing Rural business hubs (RBHs). • Under this policy OMCs will set up purchase centre at a price of Rs. 25 /lt for Biodiesel at 20 locations for 5% blending of biodiesel in diesel. • Assistance will be provided to PRIs by institutes like NOVOD, Ministry of Bio-technology, PCRA and NBRI for Jatropha plantation and oil extraction. • IOC R&D will conduct further emission studies and field trials for developing data on increasing biodiesel content in a systematic manner i.e. from 5% to 20%.

25. Gasification & GTL

26. Gasification and production of liquid fuels • Exploitation of vast coal reserves in India • Co-generation of steam, power& hydrogen and production • of liquid fuels from synthesis gas • (technology cost reduced from $60/bbl in 1970 to $ 35/bbl) • Collaborative R&D efforts for cogasification of coal, • residue and petcoke • Bio mass gasification • Overall potential assessed to be 19500 MW (India) • From bagasse alone 3500 MW (India) • Current installed capacity : 425 MW (India) • (addl. 480 MW under construction) • Swiss grass crop – higher Syngas and Hydrogen • Cogasification of biomass, coal etc. for low NOx and • hydrogen production

27. GTL • GTL Process • Group of technologies to produce liquid hydrocarbons from variety of feedstock • Involves two major process steps • Conversion of feedstock into Syngas (mixture of H2 & CO) • Syngas conversion to liquid fuels through Fischer Tropsch • Expected worldwide capacity of 1.5 – 2.0 Mbbl/day (~75-100MMTPA) by 2015

28. HYDROGEN

29. CHALLENGE (Process – Reverse of Nature)

30. Need for Hydrogen • Potentially an inexhaustible supply of energy • Can be produced from several primary energy sources • Reduced dependence on petroleum imports if produced from coal or renewable • Potential environmental benefits • High energy conversion efficiency by use of H2 in Fuel Cells (up to 80% in case of co-generation) in place of I.C. engines (30-35%)

31. Hydrogen – Some recent trends • Conversion of Natural gas to Hydrogen • Water electrolysis • Employing high efficiency electrolysers • Biological process • Employing extremophiles • (Themotoga-Neapolitana) • Exploiting Sulfur-Iodine Chemical cycle • Employing sulfuric acid and HI • Nuclear Hydrogen production

32. Initiatives by Planning Commission • Planning Commission constituted a committee to address issues related to Hydrogen Energy • Four sub-groups were setup on different aspects of hydrogen for production; storage & distribution; applications; safety standards, security and related policy issues.

33. MoP&NG Initiatives on Hydrogen • Focus to be primarily on production of hydrogen, storage and distribution, beginning with use of hydrogen directly in I.C. Engines and examining feasibility & economics of use of metal hydrides and fuel cells from a long-term perspective. • Corpus fund created with oil companies pooling resources for hydrogen research. • IOC-R&D to be the nodal agency for hydrogen research where a dedicated group will work, including experts from other organisations on deputation/ otherwise

34. H2 Production Options for India • Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuels (Reforming/ Partial oxidation) • Natural Gas (Reforming/ Partial oxidation/ Dissociation) • Coal (partial oxidation/ Gasification) • Bio-mass (Gasification/ Fermentation) • By product from Chlor-Alkali & Dehydrogenation units • Water electrolysis using electricity (also from Nuclear/ renewable energy sources e.g., solar, wind etc.) • Water splitting using direct Nuclear energy

35. Initiativestaken by IOC-R&D • “International Workshop on Hydrogen” organized by IOC R&D under the aegis of MoP & NG and in association with ONGC, BPCL, HPCL & GAIL • Electrolyser based Hydrogen generation system at IOC, R&D Commissioned (5 NM3/HR) • HCNG dispensing system commissioned at IOC, R&D • Portable gensets using Hydrogen with technical support from IIT, Delhi • MoC signed with MINDA Industries Ltd for Development of Hydrogen and H2 / CNG mixed Fuelling System for IC Engines • MoC signed with MAHINDRA & MAHINDRA for development of Hydrogen run 3 – Wheelers and Buses.

36. H2 – CNG Station at IOC R&D Inauguration of H2 – CNG Dispensing Station by Hon’ble Minister MoP&NG and PR

37. Summary • ‘Sustainability’ aspect to be kept in mind by R&D scientists/ engineers • Alternate fuels/ energy sources could be a solution for India’s energy and environmental needs • Ethanol, Bio-diesel & H2could be promising alternate fuels for India and IOC-R&D already initiated activities in these areas • Gasification of Biomass/ Coal/ Petcoke/ Residue and GTL processes have good prospects for India

38. Thank You