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CERN System of Accelerators

In this lecture, Frank Zimmermann discusses the history and development of CERN's accelerator system, from the first strong-focusing ring to the Large Hadron Collider. He covers topics such as the different components of the system, beam injection and extraction, and the challenges faced in creating the LHC. This lecture provides valuable insights into the world's most powerful particle collider.

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CERN System of Accelerators

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  1. CERN System of Accelerators Lecture 2 Frank Zimmermann, Pisa, 21 May 2007 Thanks to Franco Cervelli & Walter Scandale

  2. K. Hubner “first strong-focusing ring” “first hadron collider” “first proton-antiproton collider” “highest energy e+e- & pp colllisions”

  3. K. Hubner

  4. Duoplasmatron = Source  90 keV (kinetic energy) LINAC2 = Linear accelerator  50 MeV PSBooster = Proton Synchrotron Booster  1.4 GeV PS = Proton Synchrotron  25 GeV SPS = Super Proton Synchrotron  450 GeV LHC = Large Hadron Collider  7 TeV Transfer line Linear accelerator Injection Ejection Circular accelerator (Synchrotron) LHC and its injector chain

  5. LHC requirements M. Benedikt

  6. beam emittance M. Benedikt

  7. adiabatic damping of emittance M. Benedikt

  8. LHC requirements – optimization result M. Benedikt

  9. PS proton accelerator complex M. Benedikt

  10. what the PS complex does for LHC M. Benedikt

  11. the beam starts from here… bottle of hydrogen M. Benedikt

  12. - + ANODE HOT CATHODE Heated by AC supply - CW Duoplasmatron proton source Protons (at 90 keV) are produced by the charging of a H2 plasma due to interaction with free electrons from the cathode, forming a plasma; the plasma is then accelerated and becomes an ion beam HT SUPPLY 90kV ARC SUPPLY + - INTERMEDIATE ELECTRODE magnetic Courtesy R. Scrivens E. Metral Invented by M. von Ardenne

  13. duoplasmatron proton source – 2 M. Benedikt

  14. radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) M. Benedikt

  15. Linac2 (Alvarez structure or DTL) M. Benedikt 1946 L. Alvarez et al / LBL

  16. Alvarez operating principle M. Benedikt

  17. PS Booster M. Benedikt

  18. Space Charge M. Benedikt

  19. Space Charge Tune Spread M. Benedikt

  20. Space Charge Tune Spread M. Benedikt

  21. How to beat space charge in the PSB M. Benedikt

  22. Double batch filling for PS M. Benedikt

  23. Multiturn injection - principle M. Benedikt

  24. Multiturn injection M. Benedikt

  25. Multiturn injection M. Benedikt

  26. Multiturn injection M. Benedikt

  27. Multiturn injection M. Benedikt

  28. Multiturn injection M. Benedikt

  29. Multiturn injection M. Benedikt

  30. How to beat space charge in the PS M. Benedikt

  31. An “unforeseen” problem for PSB M. Benedikt

  32. PS M. Benedikt

  33. RF harmonics and bunches M. Benedikt

  34. Generation of 25-ns bunch train in PS M. Benedikt

  35. Triple splitting at 1.4 GeV M. Benedikt

  36. Shortening the bunches for the SPS M. Benedikt

  37. PS performance for nominal LHC beam M. Benedikt

  38. Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) 11 x PS circumference Conventional magnets (2 T vs. 4.4 T for Tevatron) 450 GeV energy Up to ~5x1013 protons/cycle Extraction modes: slow (s), fast-slow (ms), fast (ms) CNGS n beam to Gran Sasso commissioned in 2006 In addition to protons, SPS has also accelerated deuterium, sulphur, oxygen, lead, indium

  39. Fast Extraction via TI2, or TI8 to the LHC 450 GeV/c ExtractionPlateau 2,3 or 4 PS Batches of 72 bunches injected: filling max 4/11th of the SPS ring 26 GeV/c Injection Plateau The LHC Filling Cycle 12 such cycles fill 1 LHC ring 1 Batch of 72 bunches each 3.6 seconds from the PS When actually filling the LHC, SPS Will do nothing else P. Collier

  40. LHC Filling Cycle P. Collier

  41. SPS Extraction Channels MSE Septum Magnets MKE Kickers MSE Shielding Bumped Circulating Beam P. Collier

  42. SPS Kicker Magnets … Resonant charging circuit – travelling wave discharge Flat top duration tailored to beam structure Injection ~2mS (MKP) Extraction ~10.5 mS (MKE) Minimize Ripple  bunch-bunch variations P. Collier

  43. Transfer Lines to the LHC Very small physical aperture for the beam Tails of the beam distribution to be scraped at ~3.5s before transfer Protection elements against mis-steering etc. to be installed Total Length ~5.6km ~700 magnets TI 2 From SPS LSS6 To LHC Point 2 (Alice) TI 8 From SPS LSS4 To LHC Point 8 LHCb P. Collier

  44. Transfer to LHC : TI 8 P. Collier

  45. TI 8: Civil Engineering Layout Co-existing with CNGS TI 8 P. Collier

  46. TI 8 Installation Magnets transported and placed in around 3 months. P. Collier

  47. TI 8 Beam Tests Settings of the line set to 449.1 GeV (Calibrated SPS Energy) First shot went all the way down to the TI 8 Stopper at the entrance to the LHC tunnel First shot on TED at the end of TI 823 October 2004 at 13:39 …. through 2.5 km of very small beam pipe Quadrupole Vacuum chamber P. Collier

  48. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) proton-proton collider next energy-frontier discovery machine c.m. energy 14 TeV (7x Tevatron) design luminosity 1034 cm-2s-1 (~100x Tevatron) 450-GeV engineering run in fall 2007; first 7-TeV physics run In 2008 nominal LHC is a very challenging machine!

  49. BEAM RIGIDITY magnetic field particle bending radius beam momentum ~ 0.5 MCHF each weight37 tons 1232 dipole magnets strong magnets = high energy E. Metral

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