1 / 47

Cytology

Cytology. Study of cells ~70 trillion = human body. Cells. Cells vary greatly in SIZE and STRUCTURE two main parts - NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM, Enclosed in a CELL MEMBRANE (also called PLASMA MEMBRANE). Cell Membrane. Extremely thin Outpouchings and infoldings Porous

ianthe
Download Presentation

Cytology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Cytology Study of cells ~70 trillion = human body

  2. Cells • Cells vary greatly in SIZE and STRUCTURE • two main parts - NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM,Enclosed in a CELL MEMBRANE (also called PLASMA MEMBRANE)

  3. Cell Membrane • Extremely thin • Outpouchings and infoldings • Porous • Selectively Permeable = controls what enters and leaves the cell, it allows some things to pass but not others

  4. Membrane Structure • Lipids, proteins, carbs • Phospholipidbilayer

  5. CYTOPLASM - area b/w the plasma membrane and nucleus. • metabolic reactions/activities take place. • Filled with a clear fluid called CYTOSOL. • Contains ORGANELLES

  6. Cytoskeleton- • protein rods/ tubules

  7. Microfilaments- tiny rods of the protein actin • Various cell movements • Microtubules- long slender tubes of globular protein tubulin. • Maintain shape of cell • move organelles in cell

  8. Organelles • Ribosome- • Protein/RNA • Structural support • Link amino acids together to form proteins

  9. Endoplasmic Reticulum- • Smooth ER- • contains enzymes that synthesize lipids, absorb fats from digestive tract, break down drugs. • Rough ER- Contains Ribosome • Site of Protein Synthesis • Send to Golgi Apparatus

  10. Golgi Apparatus- • proteins arrive in vesicles from ER • Modifies proteins chemically • Send proteins in vesicles out of cell (vesicle trafficking)

  11. Vesicles- membranous sacs that vary in size/contents

  12. Mitochondria- 2 layers of membranes • Cristae- folded inner membrane • Matrix- fluid inside membranes • Captures/Transfers energy in the form of ATP

  13. Lysosome- • acts as garbage disposal • Break down proteins, carbs, nucleic acids • Destroy worn cell parts

  14. Peroxisomes- contain enzymes • Catalyze chemical reactions • Synthesis of bile acids • Breakdown of lipids • Degradation of rare biochemicals • Detoxification of alcohol

  15. Centrosome- two hollow cylinders (centrioles) • Made of microtubules • From spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis

  16. Cilia/Flagella- • motile extensions of certain cells

  17. Nucleus • Spherical structure • Contains DNA

  18. Nuclear Envelop- double layered membrane • Nuclear pores- allow substances in and out • Nucleoplasm- fluid inside • Nucleolus- Site of ribosome production • Ribosomes move out nuclear pores • Chromatin- DNA fibers • Form chromosomes in mitosis

  19. MEMBRANES • phospholipidbilayer • 2 Tails- Hydrophobic • Head- Hydrophilic • Controls movement of substances in and out of cell

  20. Peripheral proteins • Integral proteins • Function • Help communicate with other cells • Transport substances across membrane

  21. Subs move throughout membrane

  22. Passive Transport • Diffusion- movement of particles from a concentrated area to a less concentrated area • Equilibrium Diffusion Example

  23. Diffusion

  24. Passive Transport • Osmosis - transport of water across membrane from a high concentration to a lower concentration • Hypertonic • Hypotonic • Isotonic

  25. Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion - Transport proteins = pathway for molecules to pass through membrane

  26. Active Transport • Uses Energy • Moves against concentration gradient • Some Carrier proteins act as pumps

  27. Sodium Potassium Pump • Na+ binds to carrier protein inside cell • Carrier protein splits Phosphate group from molecule of ATP and phosphate group binds • ATP supplies energy needed to reshape protein • With new shape moves Na+ outside cell, and the shape is perfect to bind for K+ • Repeats

  28. Active Transport • Exocytosis- vesicles exports product from cells • Endocytosis- vesicle takes material into cell • Pinocytosis- transports of solutes or fluids • Phagocytosis-movement of large particles or whole cells

  29. Cell Life Cycle • Mitosis = nuclear division • followed by cytokinesis • The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original

  30. Interphase • 90% of cells life • G1 – growth phase • S phase (synthesis) – genetic material replicates • G2 – synthesize structures

  31. Mitosis

  32. Prophase • 1. chromosomes visible (chromatids) • 2. centrioles migrate to the poles • 3. nuclear membrane disappears • 4. nucleolus disappears • 5. spindle forms

  33. Metaphase • chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

  34. Anaphase • chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

  35. Telophase • 1. chromosomes disappear • chromatin • 2. nuclear membrane reforms • 3. nucleoli reappears • 4. spindle disappears • 5. centrioles duplicate

  36. Cytokinesis • division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells • - organelles are divided • - daughter cells are genetically identical

  37. Karyotype

  38. Homework • Draw and label the phases of mitosis • Label : Centromere, centrioles, spindle fibers, and sister chromatids

More Related