DNA, Protein Synthesis, Mutations

DNA, Protein Synthesis, Mutations Vocab and Review Questions 3.1-3.3

DNA and Protein Synthesis Vocab: DNA helicase DNA polymerase RNA polymerase mRNA rRNA tRNA Transcription Translation Nitrogen bases Cytosine Adenine Guanine Uracil Thymine RNA splicing Deletion Insertion Mutation Substitution Chromosomal mutations Codon Genes Anticodon DNA Introns Exons DNA Replication Chromosome Semi-conservative

1.) Which of the following bestdescribes the result of a mutationin an organism's DNA? (3.3) • The mutation may produce a zygote. • The mutation may cause phenotypic change. • The mutation causes damage when it occurs. • The mutation creates entirely new organisms.

2.) Which of the following is the product of transcription? (3.2) • DNA • RNA polymerase • tRNA • mRNA

3.) A single nucleotide of DNA is composed of which of the following substances? (3.1)

4.) In phenylketonuria (PKU), an enzyme that converts one amino acid into another does not work properly. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this genetic condition? (3.3) • an error in the transcription of the gene for the enzyme • a mutation in the DNA sequence that codes for the enzyme • an excess of the amino acids necessary to produce the enzyme • a structural variation in the amino acid modified by the enzyme

5.) RNA is made up of which four nucleotides in a chain? (3.2) • Thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine • Thymine, adenine, cytosine, glucose • Uracil, april, cytosine, guanine • Uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine

5.) RNA is made up of which four nucleotides in a chain? • Thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine • Thymine, adenine, cytosine, glucose • Uracil, april, cytosine, guanine • Uracil, adenine, cytosine, guanine

6.) In the 1940s and 1950s, scientists did experiments to determine the molecule responsible for heredity. Their experiments demonstrated that the molecule that encodes and transmits information in organisms is (3.1)

7.)The mold Aspergillusflavus grows on grain. A. flavus produces a toxin that binds to DNA in the bodies of animals that eat the grain. The binding of the toxin to DNA blocks transcription, so it directly interferes with the ability of an animal cell to do which of the following? (3.2) • transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm • produce ATP using energy released from glucose andother nutrients • transfer proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complexes • send protein-building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes

8.) Which of the following are the reactants for the process of translation? (3.2) • RNA Polymerase, mRNA and DNA Helicase • mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA • Amino acids, polypeptides, mRNA • DNA, RNA Polymerase and mRNA

9.) Which of the following statements describes a DNA molecule? (3.1)

10.)Which of the following are the correct reactants for transcription? (3.2) • DNA, mRNA, and amino acids • DNA, rRNA, and tRNA • DNA, RNA polymerase • mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

11.) Fireflies produce light inside their bodies. The enzyme luciferase is involved in the reaction that produces the light. Scientists have isolated the luciferase gene. If these cells produce light, the scientist knows that which of the following occurred? (3.2) • The luciferase gene was transcribed and translated. • The luciferase gene mutated inside the cells. • The luciferase gene destroyed the original genes of the cells. • The luciferase gene moved from the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum.

12.) Which of the following is the product from the process of translation? (3.2) • mRNA • tRNA • Nucleotide chain • Amino acid chain

13.) Which of the following describes the function of DNA? (3.1)

14.) Which of the following processes occurs in the nucleus? (3.2) • Protein Synthesis • Translation • Hydrolysis • Transcription

15.) During RNA splicing an immature RNA strand has which parts removed before it can be called a mature RNA strand? (3.2) • Exons • Amino acids • Introns • nucleotides

16.) Which mutation involves a piece breaking off the chromosomes? (3.3) a.) Deletion b.) duplication c.) translocation d.) Inversion

17.) Which type of cell must contain a mutation in order for the mutation to be passed from a woman to her offspring? (3.3) a.) blood cell b.) brain cell c.) egg cell d.) skin cell

18.) Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. The hemoglobin molecules produced by some people have one specific amino acid that is different from the amino acid at that position in normal hemoglobin. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this amino acid variation? (3.3) The hemoglobin gene contains a mutation An error occurs during the folding of the hemoglobin protein Enzymes replace the amino acid once the hemoglobin in produced An additional amino acid is mistakenly inserted into the hemoglobin during translation

19.) The diagram below represents the beginning and end products of a process that occurs in the nucleus of a cell. Which process does the diagram represent? (3.2) Recombination Replication Transcription translation

20.) A laboratory technique called polymerase chain reaction (PCR) produces millions of copies of a DNA molecule in only a few hours. PCR is most similar to which of the following cellular processes? (3.2) Mitosis Replication Transcription translation

21.) Individuals with one form of lactose intolerance do not produce the enzyme lactase because the gene coding for the production of lactase is shut off in their cells. This means that which of the following processes does not occur for the gene? (3.2) • Hydrogenation • Mutation • Replication • transcription

22.) Which of the following units are repeatedly joined together to form a strand of DNA? (3.1)

23.) The diagram on the next slide represents part of a process that occurs in cells. Which process is represented? (3.2) • meiosis • osmosis • replication • translation

24.) In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine present is always equal to the amount of (3.1)

DNA, Protein Synthesis, Mutations