Nerve and Muscle Dr. Loay Abu Dalu .MD, MSc (UK)

1. Nerve and Muscle Dr. Loay Abu Dalu.MD, MSc (UK)

6. Action Potential

13. Summation of Muscle • Definition of summation : • It means the adding together of individual twitch contractions to increase the intensity of overall contraction. • Because the contractile mechanism has no refractory period, • repeated stimulation (i.e. increase the frequency) before relaxation can produce additional activation of the contractile elements and a response will be added to that already present, this is called "summation of contraction".

15. Types of Summation

16. Clinical value Widespread and long lasting pain are characteristics of many chronic pain syndromes. This suggests that both spatial and temporal summations are important in chronic pain conditions. 

17. Tetanization • Frequency summation and tetanization, with rapid repeated stimulation, • activation of the contractile mechanism occurs repeatedly before any relaxation occurs and the response fuses into one continuous contraction and the whole contraction appears to be smooth called Tetanus • During tetanus the tension developed is 4 times than the individual contraction

19. Tetanization

20. When warm ringer solution is applied to the muscle nerve preparation and a simple muscle twitch is recorded then we notice that • All the durations are shortened (latent period, contraction period,& relaxation period). • The height of contraction has increased. • Effect of Temperature on Simple Muscle Twitch • Hot Temperature

21. Cold Temperature • When cold ringer solution is applied to the muscle nerve preparation and a simple muscle twitch is recorded then we notice that • All the durations are prolonged (latent period, contraction period,andrelaxation period). • The height of contraction has decreased.

22. Em • Effect of Temperature on Simple Muscle Twitch Time

23. A fatigue curve is obtained when the nerve muscle preparation is stimulated repeatedly till a fatigue curve is obtained. • A fatigue curve has a prolonged refractory period, low height of contraction no point of • complete relaxation (contracture remainder). • Fatigue is a reversible phenomenon. • Muscle Fatigue

25. THANK YOU