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Unit #6 – Chapter 12. “The Civil War†1861-1865. Reminders – Causes of the Civil War. Regional differences b/w the largely industrial North and the agrarian South grow stronger (ex. Where Railroads should be built and the Protectionist tariff that favored the North) Slavery
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Unit #6 – Chapter 12 “The Civil War” 1861-1865
Reminders – Causes of the Civil War • Regional differences b/w the largely industrial North and the agrarian South grow stronger (ex. Where Railroads should be built and the Protectionist tariff that favored the North) • Slavery • The Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act • Abraham Lincoln elected president • Lower South secedes and creates the Confederate States of America • The Confederacy attacks Fort Sumter
Abraham Lincoln:President of Union • 16th President (1861-1865) • Born: Feb. 12, 1809 • Died: April 15, 1865 (four days after the war ended) • Party: Republican • Wife: Mary Lincoln • Children: Robert, Edward, William, and Thomas (Tad)
Jefferson Davis:President of Confederacy • Born: June 3, 1808 • Died: 1889 • Born in Kentucky, went to school at the U.S. Military Academy • Later in life became a Planter living in Mississippi • Served as U.S. Senator, Secretary of War, and President of the Confederacy. • Served as a P.O.W. for two years, U.S. dropped its case against him in 1868.
Remember Fort Sumter? • April 12-13, 1861 • Confederate General P.G.T Beauregard opens fire on Fort Sumter. Major Robert Anderson surrenders. • The fort was a federal fort in the South and the Confederacy did not want northerners in the south!
Beginning of the Civil War • Confederacy moved capital from Montgomery, AL to Richmond, VA. • By July 35,000 northern volunteers were training in Wash, D.C. • 100 miles away from the Confed capital! • Union – “Forward to Richmond”, wanted to capture Confed capital to bring a quick end to the Civil War. • Everyone thought it would be over soooo quickly!
The First Battle of Bull Run • July 1861 • Union army marches on Southern capital Richmond, VA. • McDowell’s troops were slow and unorganized! • Moved by train, first time in history!!! • Union faced twice as many Confederates. • Union was winning, some VA soldiers under General Thomas Jackson stood strong. • “Look there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!”
First Battle of Bull Run • Union advance was stopped and had to retreat to Washington. • Ran over sightseers who came out to watch. • Union: Gen. McDowell • “Young Napoleon” • Conf: Gen. Johnston & “Stonewall” Jackson • Casualties: • U – 2,900 • C – 2,000 • Confederacy calls it “Manassas” b/c town’s name.
The Aftermath… • Lincoln still wants Richmond. • Sends troops back to VA in 1862 under Gen. McClellan. • McDowell is no longer in charge. • McDowell had about 100,000 near Yorktown but didn’t attack b/c thought he was outnumbered. • By May, McClellan took Yorktown and South had to retreat. • Confed Gen. Johnston was wounded, so Gen. Robert E. Lee took charge in VA.
Union Strengths • Had double the amount of RR track then the South. • Easy to move troops, food, supplies. • Better able to provide guns, ammo, shoes, etc. • Econ well balanced with farming and industry. • Had a functioning Gov’t with existing army and navy. • 2/3 U.S. population lived here. • More men for army and to stay and work!
Confederate Strength • 7 of 8 U.S. military colleges were here. • Majority of nation’s trained officers were southerners. • Did not need to initiate military action. • Just needed to maintain a defensive position and keep from being beaten. • Believed they had fighting advantage and right to self-gov’t.
Union Strategies • Pres Abe blockaded the south. • If Cotton can’t get to Europe it would weaken the South. • Gen. Winifield Scott: Anaconda Plan • He proposed choke the Confederacy with blockade and use troops/gun boats to gain control of Mississippi River. • Thought it would pressure South to seek peace. • Still tried to capture Richmond…why?
Confederate Strategies • Prepare and wait! • Jeff Davis said, “All we ask is to be left alone.” • Planned for a defensive war. • War of Attrition • One side inflicts continuous losses on the enemy in order to wear them down! • Couldn’t do b/c North had so many resources. • Tried to bring in Europe help (recognizing independence) by not selling them cotton. • Backfired, they bought it from India & Egypt.
Technology & Tactics • Charged in masses to overwhelm enemy. • Used new bullet shaped ammo. • Flew straighter. • Had new rifles that went 500 yards compared to 40. • Shells – devices that explode in air or when they hit something. • Canister – type of shell filled with bullets. • Still tried to cross open fields… silly gooses! • Hot air balloons • Photographs • Telegraph • Spies
Seven Days Battles • South tries to destroy Union (McClellan’s army). • McClellan evacuates North. • Casualties: • Confederate: 20,000 • Union: 16,000
Second Battle of Bull Run • Lincoln ordered Gen. John Pope to advance directly on Richmond from Washington. • Pope was encouraging to his troops, “Let us look before us and not behind. Success and glory are in advance. • McClellan did not feel the same way and said, “Pope will be trashed…and be disposed of.” • Lee’s plan – send troops under Stonewall Jackson around Pope’s right side to take up a position near site of 1st Battle of Bull Run. • Pope was distracted, Lee’s main force fell on Union’s left side in this battle. • Pope’s army fell apart (caught off guard), no longer in charge.
Second Battle of Bull Run • Lee lead a pre-emptive strike before McClellan and Pope could join forces. • End of Aug. 1862 – Lee pushed most of Union forces out of VA. • Now, time to take war into North.
The Battle of Antietam • Confederate leaders wanted to follow Lee’s example of victory in VA. • Wanted one on Union soil. • This victory could break northern morale and persuade European powers to aid in South. • Cotton diplomacy was not working. • Sep. 4, 1862 – Lee began crossing into Maryland. • Condition of the army was poor, many of the 40,000 soldiers suffered hunger and exhaustion. • Union soldiers found a copy of Lee’s battle plan wrapped around some cigars. • Gen. McClellan used info to plan counterattack against Lee’s army.
The Battle of Antietam • Sep. 17, 1862 – armies met along Antietam Creek in Maryland. • 50 K troops for Confed, 100 K for Union. • Lasted hours… • Casualties – 13,700 C; 12,5000 U • Union trapped by sunken road. • Bloodiest single-day battle of the war, and in US history.
Significance of Battle of Antietam • Important victory for the Union. • Lee lost a lot of troops, Northward advance almost stopped. • After the battle, Abe told McClellan to “destroy the rebel army if possible.” • He hesitated and let Lee retreat into VA. • 2 months later Abe relieves McClellan of command in eastern theatre – tired of his delays.
The Battle of Antietam • Indecisive, but bloody, battle. • About 23,100 casualties. • Lee pulls back into Virginia. • GB doesn’t recognize Confederacy. • A few days later… Abe issues the emancipation proclamation!
Emancipation Proclamation • “I think no wise man has perceived, how [slavery] could be at once eradicated, without producing a greater evil, even to the cause of human liberty itself.” - A. Lincoln in H. Clay’s eulogy • Jan. 1, 1863 – was released. • It said… • Did he free slaves b/c it was wrong to him, or b/c it would weaken the Confederacy?
Reactions to the E.P. • African Americans & Northerners loved it! • Fred. Douglass, “we shout for joy that we live to record this righteous decree!” • News spread overseas and had popular support in GB and FR.
Reactions to the E.P. (cont.) • Some Northern Democrats felt it went beyond the purpose of the war. • Like Gen. McClellan • Wished to only restore the Union, not abolish slavery. • Others said Abe didn’t go far enough! • W.L. Garrison said Abe still left, “slavery, as a system…still to exist in the so-called loyal slave states.”
How did the E.P. help the war effort? • Didn’t free all confederate slaves immediately. • Encouraged slaves to escape as soon as they heard Union troops close by. • Loss of slaves damaged the southern economy and the confederate war effort. • Union army began to recruit African American soldiers.
African American Regiments • By Spring of 1863 there were Af Amer troops. • July 1863 – 54th Massachusetts Infantry (mostly free Af Amers) played a key role in the capture of a Confederate Fort. • Lewis Douglass (Fred’s son) fought in and survived this battle and said, “My regiment has established its reputation as a fighting regiment not a man flinched.” • Became the most famous Af Amer Regiment in the war.
Prejudice still exists… • They received less pay than whites. • Confederate troops often killed Af Amer soldiers instead of taking them prisoner. • Af Amers that were caught were enslaved. • Right to vote??? • In 1864, Abe suggested giving Af Amers the right to vote as a reward for service to their country. • 180,000 Af Amers fought during the war – 38,000 died.
Ft. Henry and Ft. DonelsonFebruary 1862 • Union forces under Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant capture key Southern strongholds of Fort Henry and Donelson in Tennessee. • Secured Union control of Kentucky and much of Tenn. • Ulysses S. Grant -> • Commander of Union army in the West.
Battle of ShilohApril 7, 1862 • Confederate army counter-attacks Grant at Shiloh, but he holds his ground and Southern forces retreat to Mississippi. • Union navy seizes New Orleans. • 23,000 casualties.
Battle of Gettysburg • Lee’s forces runs into Union army at Gettysburg, Penn. • The ensuing battle results in over 50,000 casualties. • Lee’s army retreats south. • Many historians believe this is the beginning of the end for the south. • The turning point of the war!
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address:Nov. 19, 1863 • Lincoln expressed the Union’s new confidence and commitment in this speech. • He spoke of what battle meant to the soldier who fought in it, and to the Union they represented. • Abe dedicated himself and the rest of the Union to winning the war – knew difficult road was ahead. • “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.”
The Fall of Vicksburg • Confed – Gen. John C. Pemberton • Union – Gen. Ulysses S. Grant • Grant blocked Vicksburg in from not receiving any supplies. • Lasted 6 weeks. • People began to eat horses, dogs & rats. • Union capture of Vicksburg gave the Union total control of the Mississippi was a great blow to the Confederacy. • Cut off Western states of AK, LA, and TX are cut off from the South.
What else is going on? • Nov. 1863 - Following the Battle of Chattanooga, Grant drives Lee out of Tennessee. • The Union army is now led by General William T. Sherman and he takes Knoxville. • June 1864 - The tide has officially shifted and the North is almost in total control of the war. • After a costly southward advance, Grant traps Lee’s forces at Petersburg, outside of Richmond, Virginia. • The ensuing siege lasts for ten months.
William T. Sherman • Sherman captures Atl. • He cuts a swath of destruction through Georgia and then captures Savannah. • This becomes known as, “The March to the Sea.” • His path was 60 miles wide and 300 miles long. • On Christmas Day of 1864, Sherman orders his men to save Savannah from burning; he gives it to Lincoln as a Christmas present! • From the Cyclorama -->
Election of 1864 • Lincoln re-elected in a landslide. • Due to the capture of Atlanta. • Sherman’s victory helped show those who were discouraged with the duration of the war, that progress was being made.
Is all fair in love and war? • Write a paragraph answering this question. • Talk about: • War tactics • War weapons • Civilian deaths • Spies • Involvement of women and Slaves
Appomattox Courthouse • Grant takes Richmond on April 3 and Lee surrenders six days later at the Appomattox Court House. • April 9th, 1865 is the official end to the war between the states.
Lincoln’s Assassination • Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. On April 14th and he died the next day. • Booth yelled, “Sic semper tyrannis” in English means, “Thus be it ever to tyrants.” • Booth broke his leg jumping from the balcony, and he died several days later after being burned in the barn he was hiding.
Economic costs of the War • Federal loans and taxes to finance the war totaled $2.6 billion. • Federal debt rose to $2.7 billion. • Confederate debt ran over $700 million. • Union inflation reached 182% in 1864 and 179% in 1865. • Confederate inflation rose to 9,000% by the end of the war. • Bitterness towards opposite sides last forever!!!
