FAB 2 MAS 960 Special Topics: How To Make Something That Makes (almost) Anything

1. FAB2 MAS 960 Special Topics:How To Make Something That Makes (almost) Anything Avogadro Scale Engineering ~Achieving the Limits of Fabricational Complexity~ • Air inlets • Crushers • Ganglion • Multiple Visual sensors • Muscles • Pincers • Sensory receptors • Stridulatory pegs • Wings jacobson@media.mit.edu

2. 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 red blood cell ~5 m (SEM) diatom 30 m Complexity vs. Size DNA proteins nm Simple molecules <1nm bacteria 1 m m SOI transistor width 0.12m Semiconductor Nanocrystal ~1 nm Circuit design Copper wiring width 0.1m Nanotube Transistor (Dekker) IBM PowerPC 750TM Microprocessor 7.56mm×8.799mm 6.35×106 transistors

3. Resources for Exponential Scaling Resources which increase the complexity of a system exponentially with a linear addition of resources • Error Correcting Fabrication • Fault Tolerant Hardware Architectures • Fault Tolerant Software or Codes • Quantum Phase Space

4. p p p p p p MAJ MAJ p p p MAJ MAJ Threshold Theorem - Winograd and Cowan 1963 A circuit containing N error-free gates can be simulated with probability of failure ε using O(N ⋅poly(log(N/ε))) error-prone gates which fail with probability p, provided p < pth, where pth is a constant threshold independent of N. n Number of gates consumed: k Find k such that Number of Gates Consumed Per Perfect Gate is

5. DNA Synthesis Caruthers Synthesis Error Rate: 1: 102 300 Seconds Per step http://www.med.upenn.edu/naf/services/catalog99.pdf

6. Replicate Linearly with Proofreading and Error Correction Fold to 3D Functionality Error Rate: 1: 106 100 Steps per second template dependant 5'-3' primer extension 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease 5'-3' error-correcting exonuclease • Beese et al. (1993), Science, 260, 352-355. http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/xtal/teach/repl/klenow.html

7. Fabricational Complexity • Total Complexity • Complexity Per Unit Volume • Complexity Per Unit Time*Energy • Complexity Per unit Cost Ffab = ln (W) / [ a3tfab Efab ] Ffab = ln (M)e-1 / [ a3tfab Efab ]

8. Fabricational Complexity …Can we use this map as a guide towards future directions in fabrication?

9. Fabricational Complexity Total Complexity: A G T C A G A T A C G T … A G T A G C … Complexity Per Unit Cost: For given complexity n*: Where C is cost per step

10. Fabricational Complexity Non Error Correcting: A G T C A G T C Triply Error Correcting: A G T C A G T C n = 300 P = 0.9 P = 0.85 n n p

11. Deinococcus radiodurans (3.2 Mb, 4-10 Copies of Genome ) Uniformed Services University of the Health [Nature Biotechnology 18, 85-90 (January 2000)] D. radiodurans: 1.7 Million Rads (17kGy) – 200 DS breaks E. coli: 25 Thousand Rads – 2 or 3 DS breaks http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/microbial/image3.html

12. D. radiodurans 1.75 million rads, 0 h D. radiodurans 1.75 million rads, 24 h photos provided by David Schwartz (University of Wisconsin, Madison)]

13. Autonomous self replicating machines from random building blocks

17. DNA Synthesis Caruthers Synthesis Error Rate: 1: 102 300 Seconds Per step http://www.med.upenn.edu/naf/services/catalog99.pdf

18. Replicate Linearly with Proofreading and Error Correction Fold to 3D Functionality Error Rate: 1: 106 100 Steps per second template dependant 5'-3' primer extension 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease 5'-3' error-correcting exonuclease • Beese et al. (1993), Science, 260, 352-355. http://www.biochem.ucl.ac.uk/bsm/xtal/teach/repl/klenow.html

19. Fabrication Procedure of LTPS-TFT Array for AMOLED Backplane http://www.sdtech.co.kr/device3.html

20. Laser CVD Repair

21. http://www.sfk.com/en/packaging/pick__place/