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Chapter 12

Chapter 12. Recovery and Rebirth: The Renaissance Pg. 314-320. Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance = Rebirth Rebirth of antiquity – Greco-Roman civilization Jacob Burkhardt Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)

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Chapter 12

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  1. Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth: The Renaissance Pg. 314-320

  2. Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance • Renaissance = Rebirth • Rebirth of antiquity – Greco-Roman civilization • Jacob Burkhardt • Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) • Portrayed Italy as the birthplace of the modern world • Urban Society • City-states dominated political, economic, & social life • Age of Recovery • Effects of Black Death, political disorder, economic recession • Emphasis on individual ability • New social ideal of a well rounded or universal person • Wealthy upper class, not a mass movement

  3. Possible Test Question • The Italian Renaissance was primarily • a mass movement of the peasants. • characterized by a preoccupation with religion. • a product of rural Italy. • a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture. • a religious reform movement.

  4. Possible Test Question • According to Jacob Burckhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented • the greatest period of economic recovery in the history of civilization. • a period of moral decline. • An era of tremendous graft and corruption in Italian government. • A continuation of the culture of the High Middle Ages. • A distinct break from the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world.

  5. The Making of Renaissance Society • Economic Recovery • Italian cities lose economic supremacy • Lost their advantage due to the plague • Hanseatic League • Commercial organization of German Towns • Manufacturing • Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy (firearms) • Banking • Florence and the Medici • Patron to the arts

  6. Possible Test Question • The Medici controlled the finances of the Italian city-state of • Venice • Rome • Milan • Florence • Naples

  7. Possible Test Question • What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany? • Delian League • Prussian Confederation • Baltic League • League of German Cities • Hanseatic League

  8. Possible Test Question • Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovation were • fireworks and glass making. • mill construction and hydraulics. • mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms. • Optical instruments and lens grinding. • The use of the vault and the arch.

  9. Social Changes in the Renaissance • The Nobility (2nd Estate) • Reconstruction of the aristocracy • Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population • Pursued education to maintain role in government • Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) • The Book of the Courtier (1528) • Impeccable character, grace, talents and noble birth • Achievements such as military and bodily exercises • Classical education, well versed in the arts • Service to the prince • Ideal of a well developed personality became the social ideal for the aristocracy

  10. Possible Test Question • Castiglione’s The Courtier was a • primer on military training for nobles. • very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personality expected of Renaissance aristocrats. • sharp denunciation of the wasteful noble life. • treatise against active participation in public life. • work on how to achieve political power and then keep it.

  11. Possible Test Question • The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of • an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy patrons, artists, and intellectuals. • a mass movement in which all sections of society participated and contributed. • a narrow religious movement directed almost entirely by clerics. • a political movement in essence controlled mainly by kings. • Foreign inspiration and influence, particularly from Islamic Spain.

  12. Peasants and Townspeople • Peasants (3rd Estate) • Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population • Decline of manorial system and serfdom • Urban Society – hierarchy of 3rd Estate • Patricians – wealth from trade, industry, banking • Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen • The poor and unemployed (30-40% of urban pop.) • Slaves • Black Death caused a shortage of workers • Slavery declined by the end of the 15th century

  13. Possible Test Question • The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was • predominately urban • essentially free from the manorial system, especially in eastern Europe. • relatively free from violence and disease in urban areas. • overwhelmingly made up of peasants. • made up of clergy and nobles.

  14. Possible Test Question • The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of • continued warfare and the capture of foreign prisoners. • the shortage of labor created by the Black Death. • papal decrees encouraging a paternal relationship with pagans. • movements for Italian naval domination of the Mediterranean and the attendant need of manpower. • the importation of slaves from Africa.

  15. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy • Husbands and Wives • Arranged Marriages • Size of dowry depended on status • Husband head of household • Had to legally free kids or emancipate them • Wife managed household • Had lots of babies! • Children • Childbirth • Approx. 10% of mothers died • 50% of children didn’t reach the age of 20 • Sexual Norms • Aristocratic men had affairs quite often • Prostitution was seen as a necessary vice

  16. Possible Test Question • Which of the following statements best describes marriage in Renaissance Italy? • Young men asked women for their hand in marriage, after a lengthy courtship. • Husbands were generally the same age as their spouses. • Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances. • Men and women waited longer to get married than in the Middle Ages. • Men and women married earlier than in the Middle Ages because of increased economic opportunities.

  17. The Italian States in the Renaissance • Five Major Powers • Milan • Francesco Sforza • Venice • Florence • Cosimo Medici (1434-1464) • Lorenzo the Magnificent (1469-1492) • The Papal States • Looked to regain control over Urbino, Bologna, & Ferrara • Kingdom of Naples

  18. Italian States Cont’d • Independent City-States • Mantua • Vittorino da Feltre • Ferrara • Governend by the D’Este family • Urbino • Federigo da Montefeltro • Wife was Battista Sforza, niece of Francesco Sforza • The Role of Women • Battista Sforza governed Urbino when her husband was gone • Naples was strongly influenced by Isabella d’Este • Helped rule Mantua before & after her husband’s death

  19. Italian States Cont’d • Warfare in Italy • Balance of power between city states existed • Until Ludovico Sforza invited French to intervene in Italian polics • Other states turned to Spain for help • Struggle between France and Spain • Charles VIII of France vs. Ferdinand of Aragon • After 1510, Francis I of France vs. Charles I of Spain • Charles I sacked Rome in 1527 ending the Italian wars • Invasion and division • Still only a slight sense of Italian nationalism • Italy will not be a unified nation until 1870

  20. Possible Test Question • By the fifteenth century, Italy was • a centralized state. • dominated by the Papal States exclusively. • the foremost European power. • dominated by five major regional independent powers. • made up of hundreds of independent city-states.

  21. Possible Test Question • Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling women was • Battista Sforza. • Isabella d’Este. • Christina of Milan. • Catherine de Medici. • Christine de Pizan.

  22. Possible Test Question • Federigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was • an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince. • an outspoken advocate of Italian unification. • a callous, disloyal prince, loathed by the papacy. • strictly opposed to the proliferation of condottieri in Italy. • a pious subject of the papacy.

  23. Possible Test Question • The Peace of Lodi in 1454 exemplifies what key Italian Renaissance political concept? • rule through intimidation • peace at any price • a balance of power between multiple, competing territorial states • the useless nature of paper treaties • the inevitability of war and violence

  24. Map 12.1: Renaissance Italy

  25. The Birth of Modern Diplomacy • Modern diplomacy a product of Renaissance Italy • Ambassador used to be a servant of Christendom • Changing concept of the ambassador • Resident ambassadors • Agents of the territorial state

  26. Machiavelli and the New Statecraft • Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) • The Prince (1513) • Realistic examination political rule • Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power • Prince should act on behalf of the state, not his conscience • Cesare Borgia • Pope Alexander VI son • Perfect model for the The Prince

  27. Possible Test Question • Machiavelli’s ideas as expressed in the The Prince achieve a model for • a republican state in Italy. • a new attitude of moral responsibility among politicians. • a modern secular concept of power politics. • a deeply religious conception of the religious sanctity of the state. • the justification of divine right monarchy.

  28. Italian Renaissance Humanism • Classical Revival • Petrarch (1304 – 1374) • Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy • Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) • New Cicero • Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457) • Humanism and Philosophy • Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) • Translates Plato’s dialogues • Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism • Renaissance Hermeticism • Ficino, Corpus Hermeticum • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494), Oration on the Dignity of Man

  29. Education, History, and the Impact of Printing • Education in the Renaissance • Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music • Education of women • Aim of education was to create a complete citizen • Humanism and History • Secularization • Guicciardini (1483 – 1540), History of Italy, History of Florence • The Impact of Printing • Johannes Gutenberg • Movable type (1445 – 1450) • Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456) • The spread of printing

  30. Art in the Early Renaissance • Masaccio (1401 – 1428) • Perspective and Organization • Movement and Anatomical Structure • Paolo Uccelo (1397 – 1475) • The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian • Sandro Botticelli (1445 – 1510) • Primavera • Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) • David • Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) • The Cathedral of Florernce • Church of San Lorenzo

  31. Masaccio, Tribute Money

  32. The Artistic High Renaissance • Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) • Last Supper • Raphael (1483 – 1520) • School of Athens • Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) • The Sistine Chapel

  33. Raphael, School of Athens

  34. The Artist and Social Status • Early Renaissance • Artists as craftsmen • High Renaissance • Artists as heroes

  35. The Northern Artistic Renaissance • Jan van Eyck (c. 1380 – 1441) • Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride • Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) • Adoration of the Magi

  36. Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

  37. Music in the Renaissance • Burgundy • Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474) • The Renaissance Madrigal

  38. The European State in the Renaissance • The Renaissance State in Western Europe • France • Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483) • England • War of the Roses • Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509) • Spain • Unification of Castile and Aragón • Establishment of professional royal army • Religious uniformity • The Inquisition • Conquest of Granada • Expulsion of the Jews

  39. Map 12.2: Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century

  40. Map 12.3: The Iberian Peninsula

  41. Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires • Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire • Habsburg Dynasty • Maximilian I (1493 – 1519) • The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe • Poland • Hungary • Russia • The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire • Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory • Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)

  42. Map 12.4: The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe

  43. The Church in the Renaissance • The Problems of Heresy and Reform • John Wycliff (c. 1328 – 1384) and Lollardy • John Hus (1374 – 1415) • Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy • Burned at the stake (1415) • Church Councils • The Papacy • The Renaissance Papacy • Julius II (1503 – 1513) • “Warrior Pope” • Nepotism • Patrons of Culture • Leo X (1513 – 1521)

  44. Discussion Questions • Does the Renaissance represent a sharp break from the Middle Ages or a continuation of the Medieval Period? • What social changes did the Renaissance bring about? • How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political power? • How did the printing press change European society? • What technical achievements did Renaissance artists make? Why were they significant? • What was the relation between art and politics in Renaissance Italy? • How did the popes handle the growing problems that were emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early Sixteenth Century?

  45. Web Links • Renaissance Secrets • Explore Leonardo’s Studio • Leonardo da Vinci on the BBC • Vatican Exhibit – Rome Reborn • Renaissance – Focus on Florence • The Uffizi Gallery – Florence • Vatican Museums – The Sistine Chapel • Gutenberg.de • The War of the Roses • The Ottoman Website

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