Plants & Photosynthesis A Dr. Production

1. Plants & PhotosynthesisA Dr. Production

2. Why Study Plants? • Oxygen can you breathe? • Ozonedo you tan, burn or melanoma? • Carbohydrates do you have food to eat? • Fiber are you regular? • Wood where do you live • Fossil fuels do you drive or stay warm in the winter? • Latex ever use plastic? • Medicinesever get sick? • Pitch do you like your furniture varnished & painted? • Resins ever float a boat? • Flavors & fragrancesdo you like tasteful aromatic food? • Jobs…

3. Careers in Horticulture: • Pomology-fruits • Viticulture-grapes • Enology-wine • Olericulture-vegetables • Ornamental Horticulture-landscape plants • Landscape Architecture-design

4. 1. Vascular tissue? No…………Bryophyte Yes………..Tracheophyte, go to 2 2. Seeds? No…………Seedless plant Yes………..Seed plant, go to 3 3. Covered Seeds? No…………Gymnosperm Yes………..Angiosperm, go to 4 4a. One cotyledon, parallel veins, 3X flowers, 1 pore pollen, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous roots Yes……….……monocot 4b. Two cotyledons, netted veins, 4X/5X flowers, >3 pored pollen, ringed vascular bundles, taproots Yes………..…..dicot

5. What types of plants are there?

8. Alternation of Generations • Plants (as all sexually reproducing organisms) spend part of their life haploid (gametophyte) and part of their life diploid (sporophyte).

9. Avascular Plants : Mosses, Hornworts & Liverworts

10. Life Cycle of a Moss

11. Seedless Vascular Plants : Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetailsand Whisk ferns Ferns are seedless plants whose flagellated sperm require moisture to reach the egg

13. The life cycle of a fern

14. Figure 29.11xa Life cycle of a fern: mature fern (diploid sporophyte)

15. Life cycle of a fern: gametophyte

16. Seedless plants formed vast “coal forests” • Ferns and other seedless plants once dominated ancient forests • Their remains formed coal

17. Female gametophyte (n) 4 Haploid spore cells inovule develop intofemale gametophyte,which makes egg. 5 Male gametophyte (pollen)grows tube to egg andmakes and releases sperm. Egg (n) Sperm (n) Male gametophyte(pollen grain) HAPLOID MEIOSIS Fertilization DIPLOID Scale Sporangium(2n) Ovule Seedcoat Zygote(2n) 3 Pollination Embryo(2n) HAPLOIDPollen grains(malegametophytes)(n) Integument 1 Female conebears ovules. 6 Zygote developsinto embryo, andovule becomesseed. MEIOSIS Seed 2 Male cone producesspores by meiosis;spores develop intopollen grains 7 Seed falls toground and germinates,and embryo grows into tree. Sporophyte Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm

18. Stigma 2 Egg (n) Haploid spore in eachovule develops intofemale gametophyte,which produces egg. 3 Pollinationandgrowthof pollentube Pollengrain Pollentube Ovule 1 Haploid sporesin anthers developinto pollen grains: male gametophytes. Sperm Pollen (n) HAPLOID Meiosis Fertilization DIPLOID 4 Zygote(2n) Seedcoat Food supply Seeds 7 Ovary Seed germinates,and embryo grows into plant. Ovule Embryo(2n) 5 Seed Sporophyte 6 Fruit Life Cycle of an Angiosperm

19. Bryophytes Tracheophytes Seedless PlantsGymnospermsAngiosperms

21. What is it? 1. 6. 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 9. 5. 10.

22. What is Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is using light energy from the sun to make sugar Light E + CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2

23. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of autotrophs

24. Light Reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

25. Light reactions use light energy and water to produce: ATP Hydrogen (NADPH) Oxygen (as waste)

26. The dark reactions are also called the Calvin Cycle or Carbon Fixation

27. Dark reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts

28. They use energy to store it in the form of a sugar for later use

29. CAM.qt Special plants called C4 plants, or CAM plants have specialized systems of photosynthesis

30. Leaf Anatomy LeafWeb qt Anatomy derm

31. Opening & Closing of Stomata

32. Stem Anatomy

33. Transport through Vascular Tissue • Xylem Wxyz Water • Phloem phood by photosynthesis FoodWeb qt Source & Sink Water&PlantsWebqt Water movement

34. Root Anatomy

35. Root Anatomy

36. Pollen grains Anther Stigma CARPEL Ovary STAMEN PETAL Ovule SEPAL Flowers • The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction • Double Fertilization

37. Fruit ripening.qt Tomatoes • After fertilization the ovary matures into a fruit. In general fruits may be classified as simple, aggregate or multiple ). • Angiosperm fruit has 2 functions: 1. Protect the seeds during their maturation2. Effectively disperse the mature seeds seed.qt

38. The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal • Fruits are adaptations that disperse seeds

39. Seeds Germin.qt With double fertilization the following occurs: 1. The zygote develops into an embryo2. The integuments develop into a seed coat 3. The ovary develops into a fruit4. The primary endosperm nucleus divides to form endosperm Maizegr.qt Geotropism Maizepho.qt Geotropism

40. Plant Responses (Tropisms) Tropisms vs Taxisms Thigmotropism Physical Contact. Chemotropism Chemicals Thermotropism Temperature Traumotropism Wounding Electrotropism Electricity Skototropism Dark Aerotropism Oxygen Gravitropism Gravity Phototropism light Plants in Motion Tropisms Mimosa, Sundew

41. Plants Can Tell Time • Circadian Rhythms Sleep Movements in Legume Silk Tree

42. Plant Defenses • Physical thorns, spines, hairs • Chemical poisons, irritants, medicines • Ingestibilitycellulose • Mechanical thigmotropism • Systemic Defense Against Herbivores

43. Plant Hormones Hormone: a chemical substance effective in small quantities, that is produced one place and has its effects elsewhere • Auxinsroot formation, apical dominance • Giberellins seed germination, stem elongation • Cytokinins cell division, differentiation • Abscisic Acidabsecare plant maturation, leaf abscission (what time of year?) • Ethylene  leaf abscission, one bad apple… Cucumber Cytokinins Strawberry Ripening

44. Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms • Gymnosperms supply most of our lumber and paper • Angiosperms provide most of our food • Fruits, vegetables, and grains • Angiosperms also provide other important products • Medications, fiber, perfumes

45. Interactions with animals profoundly influenced angiosperm evolution (Coevolution) • Angiosperms are a major source of food for animals • Animals also aid plants in pollination and seed dispersal

46. Connection: Plant diversity is a nonrenewable resource • 20% of the tropical forests worldwide were destroyed in the last third of the 20th century • The forests of North America have shrunk by almost 40% in the last 200 years

47. More than 25% of prescription drugs are extracted from plants • Some plants in these forests can be used in medicinal ways

48. References • Plant Anatomy: BIO 102 • http://generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/HORT604/LectureSuppl/AnatomyOrgans/AnatomyOrgans05.htm • Plants in Motion Movies: • The Life Wire Textbook Animations • Biology I Tutor Vista Animations • Plant Curriculum Links • 4 Types of Plants Video • The World of Plants: Plants & People Video • Science of Life; The World of Plants • Tour of a Plant Cell Study Guide