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Approaches to dialogue. Dialogue Games. Part I:. Peter Kühnlein. Dialogue Games. Characteristic of dialogue games approaches: Dialogue is viewed as consisting of pairs or sequences of utterances that can be seen as moves in a game. Dialogue Games. Approach in case:
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Approaches to dialogue Dialogue Games Part I: Peter Kühnlein
Dialogue Games Characteristic of dialogue games approaches: Dialogue is viewed as consisting of pairs or sequences of utterances that can be seen as moves in a game.
Dialogue Games Approach in case: Levin, J.A. & Moore, J.A., 1977: Dialogue Games: Meta-communication Structures for Natural Language Interaction, ISI/RR-77-53, USC Information Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way, Marina del Rey, CA 90291
Dialogue Games Motivation • Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to • established patterns. • These have the following characteristics: They • are frequently recurring
Dialogue Games Motivation • Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to • established patterns. • These have the following characteristics: They • are frequently recurring • span several turns
Dialogue Games Motivation • Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to • established patterns. • These have the following characteristics: They • are frequently recurring • span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization
Dialogue Games Motivation • Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to • established patterns. • These have the following characteristics: They • are frequently recurring • span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization • can consist of multi-sentential units
Dialogue Games Motivation • Studies of natural dialogue indicate that people interact according to • established patterns. • These have the following characteristics: They • are frequently recurring • span several turns • exhibit goal-oriented organization • can consist of multi-sentential units • belong to speaker‘s knowledge
Dialogue Games Motivation There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue.
Dialogue Games Motivation There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue. Effective communication requires shared information, as witnessed by the possibility to comprehend indirect utterances
Dialogue Games Motivation There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue. Effective communication requires shared information, as witnessed by the possibility to comprehend indirect utterances Example: Person A: Do you have a match?
Dialogue Games Motivation There is a wealth of implicit information in dialogue. Effective communication requires shared information, as witnessed by the possibility to comprehend indirect utterances Example: Person A: Do you have a match? Person B: Sorry, I don´t smoke.
Dialogue Games Motivation Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find
Dialogue Games Motivation • Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find • conventional knowledge about language
Dialogue Games Motivation • Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find • conventional knowledge about language • „world knowledge“
Dialogue Games Motivation • Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find • conventional knowledge about language • „world knowledge“ • knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour
Dialogue Games Motivation • Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find • conventional knowledge about language • „world knowledge“ • knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour • We achieve goals through interaction with others
Dialogue Games Motivation • Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find • conventional knowledge about language • „world knowledge“ • knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour • We achieve goals through interaction with others • We know which responses to expect.
Dialogue Games Motivation • Among the implicit information that is revealed in dialogues we find • conventional knowledge about language • „world knowledge“ • knowledge of conventional reasons for behaviour • We achieve goals through interaction with others • We know which responses to expect. • Sets of knowledge structures
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are called dialogue-games (DGs). They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and the use of communication to achieve goals
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language, especially indirect language use
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • People`s behaviour is seen as behaviour of goal pursuing organisms: • goals determine the type of interaction they engage in
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • People`s behaviour is seen as behaviour of goal pursuing organisms: • goals determine the type of interaction they engage in • Language use is a way of pursuing goals that speakers currently hold, • and the knowledge of participants‘ goals hence a central part of DGs
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants to solve a problem, and interacts with B to arrive at a solution.
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants to solve a problem, and interacts with B to arrive at a solution. • (Problem solving)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants some action performed and interacts with B to get her/him to • perform it
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants some action performed and interacts with B to get her/him to • perform it • (Action seeking)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants to know some specific information, and interacts with B in order to • learn it
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants to know some specific information, and interacts with B in order to • learn it • (Information seeking)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants to know whether B knows some particular information, and interacts • with her/him in order to find out
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants to know whether B knows some particular information, and interacts • with her/him in order to find out • (Information probing)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants B to know some information, and interacts with her/him to impart • information
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A wants B to know some information, and interacts with her/him to impart • information • (Instructing)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A is unhappy about some state of affairs, and interacts with B to convey • that unhappiness
Dialogue Games Dialogue games - intuition • Established patterns represented as sets of knowledge structures are • called dialogue-games (DGs). • They capture shared conventional knowledge about communication and • the use of communication to achieve goals • A dialogue comprehension model is developed: • DG-identification, pursuit, termination captures functional aspects of • language: • Focus on regularities relating to the function of dialogues for the • participants • Example: • A is unhappy about some state of affairs, and interacts with B to convey • that unhappiness • (Griping)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal Every DG consists of three parts:
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals • partially ordered set of components
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals • partially ordered set of components:dynamic aspects of the game
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals • partially ordered set of components:dynamic aspects of the game • DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals • partially ordered set of components:dynamic aspects of the game • DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues: • Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by • same DG (e.g. Helping)
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals • partially ordered set of components:dynamic aspects of the game • DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues: • Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by • same DG (e.g. Helping): • Individuals involved & subject vary across instances of a particular pattern
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals • partially ordered set of components:dynamic aspects of the game • DGs capture a collection of information common across many dialogues: • Free variation of participants and of the subject of dialogue can be described by • same DG (e.g. Helping): • DGs‘ parameters (roles, topic) have specific values for each particular dialogue
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals • partially ordered set of components:dynamic aspects of the game • Types of dialogues are distinguished by
Dialogue Games Dialogue games – more formal • Every DG consists of three parts: • set of parameters: dialogue participants (roles), subject of the dialogue (topic) • collection of (parameter) specifications: the set of participants‘ goals • partially ordered set of components:dynamic aspects of the game • Types of dialogues are distinguished by • sets of participants‘ goals