Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents • The Characteristics of Seed Plants • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms • Plant Responses and Growth • Feeding the World

2. - The Characteristics of Seed Plants How Seeds Become New Plants • A seed has three main parts–an embryo, stored food, and a seed coat. If a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow.

3. - The Characteristics of Seed Plants Root Structure • A root’s structure is adapted for absorbing water and minerals from the soil.

4. - The Characteristics of Seed Plants Stems • Trees have woody stems. A typical woody stem is made up of many layers. The layers of xylem form annual rings that can reveal the age of the tree and the growing conditions it has experienced.

5. - The Characteristics of Seed Plants Leaves • Leaves capture and use the sun’s energy to make food. The structure of a leaf is well-adapted for photosynthesis.

6. - The Characteristics of Seed Plants Outlining • As you read, make an outline about seed plants that you can use for review. Use the red headings for the main ideas and the blue headings for the supporting ideas. The Characteristics of Seed Plants • What Is a Seed Plant? • Vascular Tissue • Seeds • How Seeds Become New Plants • Seed Structure • Seed Dispersal • Germination • Roots • Types of Roots • The Structure of a Root • Stems • The Structure of a Stem • Annual Rings • Leaves • The Structure of a Leaf • The Leaf and Photosynthesis • Controlling Water Loss

7. - The Characteristics of Seed Plants More on Leaves • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about leaves.

8. End of Section:The Characteristics of Seed Plants

9. - Gymnosperms Reproduction in Gymnosperms • First, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone. In time, a sperm cell and an egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone. After fertilization occurs, the seed develops on the scale of the female cone.

10. - Gymnosperms Previewing Visuals • Preview the diagram showing the life cycle of a gymnosperm. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. The Life Cycle of a Gymnosperm Q. How does gymnosperm pollination occur? A. Pollen is transferred from a male reproductive structure to a female reproductive structure; wind often carries pollen from male to female cones. Q. How does gymnosperm fertilization occur? A. Pollen collects in a sticky substance produced by ovules. Female scales close to seal in pollen and fertilization occurs.

11. - Gymnosperms Links on Gymnosperms • Click the SciLinks button for links on gymnosperms.

12. End of Section:Gymnosperms

13. - Angiosperms The Structure of Flowers • Flowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors. But, despite their differences, all flowers have the same function–reproduction.

14. First, pollen falls on a flower’s stigma. In time, the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flower’s ovule. The zygote develops into the embryo part of the seed. - Angiosperms Reproduction in Angiosperms

15. - Angiosperms Types of Angiosperms • Angiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots and dicots.

16. - Angiosperms Multiples • Is a flower with 6 petals a monocot? To answer this question you need to determine if 6 is a multiple of 3. A number is a multiple of 3 if there is a nonzero whole number that, when multiplied by 3, gives you that number. In this case, 6 is a multiple of 3 because you can multiply 2 (a nonzero whole number) by 3 to get 6. • 2 X 3 = 6 • Therefore, a flower with 6 petals is a monocot. Other multiples of 3 include 9 and 12.

17. Practice Problem Which of these numbers are multiples of 4? 6, 10, 12, 16 12 and 16 - Angiosperms Multiples

18. Key Terms: Key Terms: Examples: Examples: stamen monocot pistil dicot ovary fruit - Angiosperms Building Vocabulary • Using a word in a sentence helps you think about how best to explain the word. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a meaningful sentence using each Key Term. Key Terms: Examples: Monocots are angiosperms that have only one seed leaf. angiosperm Refflesia belongs to the group of seed plants known as angiosperms. The stamens are the male reproductive parts. The female parts, or pistils, are found in the center of most flowers. Dicots produce seeds with two seed leaves. flower A flower is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm. This hollow structure is the ovary, which protects the seeds as they develop. sepal When a flower is still a bud, it is enclosed by leaflike structures called sepals. As the seed develops after fertilization, the ovary changes into a fruit—a ripened ovary and other structures that enclose one or more seeds. petal When the sepals fold back, they reveal the flower’s colorful, leaflike petals.

19. End of Section:Angiosperms

20. - Plant Responses and Growth Seasonal Changes • The amount of darkness a plant receives determines the time of flowering in many plants.

21. - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature • One hundred radish seeds were planted in each of two identical trays of soil. One tray was kept at 10ºC, and one tray was kept at 20ºC. The trays received equal amounts of water and sunlight. The graph shows how many seeds germinated over time at each temperature.

22. Horizontal axis–days; vertical axis–total number of germinated seeds Reading Graphs: What variable is plotted on the horizontal axis? What variable is plotted on the vertical axis? - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature

23. The numbers did not change. Interpreting Data: How did the number of seeds that germinated change between day 20 and day 25 at 10ºC? At 20ºC? - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature

24. 20ºC; the number of germinating seeds increases as the temperature increases. Drawing Conclusions: According to the graph, at which temperature did more seeds eventually germinate? What can you conclude about the relationship between temperature and germination? - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature

25. The slope would be less steep because fewer seeds would germinate. Predicting: Predict what the graph would look like for a tray of radish seeds kept at 5ºC. Give a reason for your prediction. - Plant Responses and Growth Germination and Temperature

26. - Plant Responses and Growth Relating Cause and Effect • A cause makes something happen. An effect is what happens. As you read through the paragraphs under the heading “Hormones and Tropisms," identify four effects of plant hormones. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Effects Tropisms Germination Cause Forming flowers, stems, leaves Plant hormones Shredding leaves Development and ripening of fruit

27. - Plant Responses and Growth Links on Plant Responses • Click the SciLinks button for links on plant responses.

28. End of Section:Plant Responses and Growth

29. - Feeding the World Identifying Main Ideas • As you read, write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea. Main Idea Technologies that may help produce more food include… Detail Detail Detail Precision farming– uses satellite images and computer to determine the amount of water and fertilizer needed. Hydroponics– plants are grown in solutions of nutrients instead of soil. Genetic engineering– genetic material is altered to produce plants with useful qualities.

30. - Feeding the World Links on Plants as Food • Click the SciLinks button for links on plants as food.

31. End of Section:Feeding the World

32. Graphic Organizer Seed plants have Roots Stems Leaves are needed for capture provide absorb Water and minerals Transport Anchorage Support Sunlight used in Photo-synthesis

33. End of Section:Graphic Organizer