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CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie. CELLS. There are approximately 200 different types of cells that make up the basic structures of the human body. Cell division creates new cells. A “parent” cell divides into two new “daughter” cells.

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CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

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  1. CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  2. CELLS • There are approximately 200 different types of cells that make up the basic structures of the human body. • Cell division creates new cells. A “parent” cell divides into two new “daughter” cells. • Different types of cells carry out different functions in the body. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  3. PARTS OF A CELL • Plasma membrane • Cytoplasm • Cytosol • Organelles • Nucleus • Chromosomes • Genes Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  4. 3 MAIN PARTS OF A CELL • Plasma membrane – the cells flexible outer surface. • Cytoplasm – all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. • Nucleus – a large organelle that houses most of the cell’s DNA. Chromosomes and genes are contained here. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  5. TYPICAL STRUCTURES Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  6. PLASMA MEMBRANE • A flexible, yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a cell. • Fluid mosaic model. • Lipid Bilayer • Membrane proteins • Membrane Permeability – Selective Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  7. PLASMA MEMBRANE CONTINUED… • Gradients • Concentration • Electrochemical • Osmosis • Diffusion • Active Transport Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  8. LIPID BILAYER • Phospholipids – 2 layers • Amphipathic – polar and nonpolar • Hydrophilic • Hydrophobic Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  9. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  10. MEMBRANE PROTEINS • Integral Proteins – extend into or through the lipid bilayer. • Transmembrane proteins • Peripheral Proteins – attached to either the inside or outside of the membrane. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  11. FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS • Ion channel • Transporter • Receptor • Enzyme • Cell Identity Marker • Linker Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  13. MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY • Selectively Permeable • Permeable to nonpolar, uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, & steroids. • Impermeable to ions and charged or polar molecules, such as glucose. • Slightly permeable to water and urea. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  14. GRADIENTS • Concentration Gradient – A difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another. • Electrochemical Gradient – The combination of the effects of the concentration gradient and the membrane potential. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  16. TRANSPORT ACROSS THE MEMBRANE • Passive Transport – does not require cellular energy. • Substances move down their concentration or electrochemical gradients using only their own kinetic energy. • Active Transport – requires cellular energy in the form of ATP. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  17. 3 TYPES OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT • Diffusion through the lipid bilayer. • Diffusion through membrane channels. • Facilitated diffusion. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  18. ENDOCYTOSIS • Material enters the cell in vesicles. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  20. EXOCYTOSIS • Material leaves the cell in vesicles. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  21. DIFFUSION • Materials diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. They move down their concentration gradient. • Equilibrium – molecules are mixed uniformly throughout the solution. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  23. FACTORS INFLUENCING DIFFUSION • Steepness of the concentration gradient. • Temperature. • Mass of the diffusing substance. • Surface Area. • Diffusion distance. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  24. OSMOSIS • The net movement of a solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane. • Water moves from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  25. OSMOTIC PRESSURE • A solution containing solute particles that cannot cross the membrane exerts a force called osmotic pressure. • The greater the number of solute particles the greater the pressure. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  27. TONICITY • A solution’s tonicity measures the solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content. • Isotonic – cell maintains shape • Hypotonic – cell swells and bursts • Hypertonic – cell shrinks - crenation Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  29. CYTOPLASM • 2 components • Cytosol – fluid portion that surrounds organelles. • 55% of total cell volume • Water with dissolved and suspended components • Ions, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, ATP, and waste products. • Organelles – specialized structures • Specific shapes • Specific functions Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  30. CYTOSKELETON • Network of protein filaments. • Structural framework for the cell. • 3 Types of filaments • Microvilli – small – increase surface area • Intermediate filaments • Microtubules – largest – in cilia and flagella – participate in cell division. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  31. CENTROSOME • Located near the nucleus • Plays a critical role in cell division Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  32. CILIA AND FLAGELLA • Comprised of microtubules. • Cilia – short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell. • Line respiratory tract • Movement is paralyzed by nicotine • Flagella – longer than cilia • Usually move an entire cell • Sperm’s tail Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  34. RIBOSOMES • Sites of protein synthesis • Free Ribosomes – located in cytosol • Attached to nuclear membrane and ER • In mitochondria Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  38. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ER • Plasmic = cytoplasm; reticulum = network • Network of folded membranes • Transports substances throughout cell • Rough ER – ribosomes attached – synthesizes proteins • Smooth ER – synthesizes fatty acids and steroids Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  41. ROUGH ER Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  42. SMOOTH ER Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  43. GOLGI COMPLEX • Consists of 3 – 20 golgi cisternae (membranous sacs) • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for distribution • Proteins leave through secretory vesicles, membrane vesicles, or transport vesicles. Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  44. LYSOSOMES • Lyso = dissolving; somes = bodies • Contain powerful digestive enzymes and hydrolytic enzymes • Lysosomal enzymes can destroy their own cell – autolysis (due to pathology) Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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  46. LYSOSOME Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  47. MITOCHONDRIA • Generate ATP – “powerhouses” of the cell Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  48. MITOCHONDRIAN WITH MATRIX Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  49. MITOCHONDRIA Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

  50. NUCLEUS • Spherical or oval shaped • Most prominent feature in the cell • Most structures have a single nucleus, although mature RBCs have none • Contain genes arranged in chromosomes • Genome – total genetic information for an organism Dr. Michael P. Gillespie

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