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SUCCESS OR FAILURE?

SUCCESS OR FAILURE?. At the moment there is no doubt that the battle against malaria is being lost . This is mainly due to the ability of mosquitoes to develop immunity to pesticide sprays… …and to the Plasmodium’s ability to develop resistance to drugs. 5. KEY REVISION POINTS.

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SUCCESS OR FAILURE?

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  1. SUCCESS OR FAILURE? • At the moment there is no doubt that the battle against malaria is being lost. • This is mainly due to the ability of mosquitoes to develop immunity to pesticide sprays… • …and to the Plasmodium’s ability to develop resistance to drugs.

  2. 5. KEY REVISION POINTS (i) – THE PROBLEM • Anopheles Mosquito; • Plasmodium (e.g. Plasmodium Falciparum); • Humid climate; 16-40ºC, abundant rainfall; • Vegetation for shade; • Areas of still or stagnant water; • Humans to act as blood reservoir.

  3. 5. KEY REVISION POINTS (ii) THE EFFECTS • 1-3 million deaths each year, mostly children; • Lost education through bouts of illness; • Lost productivity by adults, especially at planting and harvest time – less food, lower income; • Huge amount spent on trying to prevent or control malaria - $2 Billion in Africa each year, maybe $100 Billion damage to Africa’s GDP; up to 25% of family income; huge burden on health services; • Negative impact on foreign investment and tourism.

  4. 5. KEY REVISION POINTS (iii) – THE SOLUTIONS • DDT, Malathion; • Genetic engineering – sterile male mosquitoes; • ITNs – Insecticide Treated Bed nets; • Draining and flushing breeding sites; • Larvicide sprays to kill larvae; • Oil, egg whites and mustard seeds; • Bti, Fish (Muddy Loach), Eucalyptus trees; • Quinine, Chloroquine, Artemisia; • No effective vaccines yet - several on trial; • World Health Organisation campaign – Roll Back Malaria.

  5. Exam Advice • Practice this topic using past papers – the questions don’t vary that much from year to year. • Concentrate more on the Risk Factors, Costsand the Solutions, less on the cycle of infection and medical symptoms of the disease. • You must be able to comment on the effectiveness of your chosen solutions, but don’t just say “very effective” for them all and hope to get marks – the markers will be looking for detailed knowledge of the effectiveness of each solution you quote. • Try to learn a few (four or five) solutions in detail and be able to quote names of pesticides, drugs, etc.

  6. Revision Task • In groups you have been given two pieces of flipchart paper • Your task is to produce a biography of a mosquito and tell me why it is so well suited to spreading malaria. • Then design a box which you would give to a primary health care worker which would enable them to treat people in their village.

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