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Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers

This chapter delves into the healthy growth, nervous system development, motor skills, and sensory processes in infants and toddlers. It covers variations in growth, challenges like malnutrition, brain development, reflexes, locomotion, fine-motor skills, sensory perceptions, and more.

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Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers

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  1. Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infants and Toddlers • 5.1 Healthy Growth • 5.2 The Developing Nervous System • 5.3 Motor Development • 5.4 Sensory and Perceptual Processes

  2. 5.1 Healthy Growth • Features of Human Growth • Variations on the Average Profile • Mechanisms of Physical Growth • Challenges to Healthy Growth

  3. Features of Human Growth • Follows the cephalocaudal principle • Muscles become longer and thicker • During the first year, a layer of fat is added • Cartilage is replaced by bone 5.1 Healthy Growth

  4. Variations on the Average Profile • Secular Growth Trends: generational changes in physical development • Average and normal are not the same 5.1 Healthy Growth

  5. Average Height and Weight

  6. Mechanisms of Physical Growth • Heredity influences adult height • The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone • Nutrition is particularly important during infancy when growth is rapid • At 2 years, growth slows and kids become “picky” eaters 5.1 Healthy Growth

  7. Challenges to Healthy Growth • Malnutrition is especially damaging in infancy • Malnutrition needs to be treated with adequate diet and parent training • Many diseases that kill young children are preventable with vaccines, improved health care, and changing habits 5.1 Healthy Growth

  8. 5.2 The Developing Nervous System • Organization of the Mature Brain • The Developing Brain

  9. Organization of the Mature Brain • Neuron: basic unit of nervous system • Cerebral hemispheres: right and left halves of the cortex • Frontal cortex: area of the cortex that controls personality and the ability to carry out plans 5.2 The Developing Nervous System

  10. The Neuron

  11. Organization of the Brain

  12. The Developing Brain • Brain originates in neural plate • Brain regions specialize early (e.g., left hemisphere for verbal functioning; frontal cortex for emotion) • “Flexible” brain organization shown by children who recover from brain damage. 5.2 The Developing Nervous System

  13. 5.3 Motor Development • The Infant’s Reflexes • Locomotion • Fine-Motor Skills • Maturation, Experience, and Motor Skill

  14. The Infant’s Reflexes • Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the world • Some reflexes are important to survival (e.g., rooting and sucking) • Some protect the newborn (e.g., blink and withdrawal) • Some are foundations for later motor behavior 5.3 Motor Development

  15. Locomotion • Dynamic Systems Theory: motor development involves many distinct skills • Differentiation and integration of component skills (posture and balance, stepping, perceptual skill) is necessary 5.3 Motor Development

  16. Development of Locomotion

  17. Fine-Motor Skills • Reaching and grasping becomes more coordinated throughout infancy. • Toddlers prefer to use one hand and this preference becomes stronger during the preschool years. 5.3 Motor Development

  18. Maturation, Experience, and Motor Skill • Maturation is important: Studies of Hopi infants. • Experience matters, too: African infants and training studies 5.3 Motor Development

  19. 5.4 Sensory and Perceptual Processes • Smell, Taste, and Touch • Hearing • Seeing • Integrating Sensory Information

  20. Smell, Taste, and Touch • Even newborns can smell, taste, and feel • These skills are useful in recognizing parents and in feeding 5.4 Sensory and Perceptual Processes

  21. Hearing • Infants hear well, though not quite as accurately as adults • Infants’ hearing is best for sounds that have pitches in the range of human speech • Infants use sound to locate objects 5.4 Sensory and Perceptual Processes

  22. Seeing • Acuity is 20/400 at birth but improves rapidly • Infants perceive colors by 3 or 4 months • Infants master perceptual constancies early • Many cues are used to infer depth • Edges & motion are used to perceive objects 5.4 Sensory and Perceptual Processes

  23. Wavelength of Light

  24. Shape Constancy

  25. Perception of Objects

  26. Use of Motion to Perceive Objects

  27. Infants’ Scanning of Faces

  28. Face-like Stimuli

  29. Integrating Sensory Information • By 1 month, can integrate sight and touch • By 4 months, can integrate sight and sound • 4- and 7-month-olds can match facial appearance (boy or man) with sound of voice 5.4 Sensory and Perceptual Processes

  30. Infant Watching Videos

  31. Time Spent Looking at Videos

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