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Blood

Blood. Chapter 12. Introduction. What is the function of blood? Blood transports substances (nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones) Also maintains homeostasis in the body with hormones Hematophobia = fear of blood. http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/blood-cells.jpg. Blood and Blood Cells.

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Blood

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  1. Blood Chapter 12

  2. Introduction • What is the function of blood? • Blood transports substances (nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones) • Also maintains homeostasis in the body with hormones • Hematophobia = fear of blood

  3. http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/blood-cells.jpg

  4. Blood and Blood Cells • Blood is a type of connective tissue with two basic components: • 1. Cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) = 45% • 2. Plasma (water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes) = 55%

  5. http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/uploads/VMC/TreatmentImages/2309_blood_450.jpghttp://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/uploads/VMC/TreatmentImages/2309_blood_450.jpg

  6. Hematocrit – percentage of cells in a blood sample • Should be 45%, remaining 55% is plasma • Have to centrifuge a blood sample to test this http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzns58gagQ1qzcf71o1_500.jpg

  7. Three types of cells • Red blood cells - erythrocytes • White blood cells - leukocytes • Platelets - thrombocytes http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/uploads/VMC/TreatmentImages/2309_blood_450.jpg

  8. Red blood cells - erythrocytes • Have a biconcave shape • RBCC stand for red blood cell count which is the amount of blood cells in a cubic millimeter (5 million per cubic millimeter) • They lack nuclei in a mature stage so they will not divide

  9. http://drbentownsend.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/red-blood-cells-anemic.jpghttp://drbentownsend.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/red-blood-cells-anemic.jpg

  10. Hematopoiesis – formation of new blood cells (done in bone marrow) • Blood cells live for about 120 days, then are phagocytized by the liver and spleen http://daley.med.harvard.edu/assets/Willy/hematopoiesis.jpg

  11. Erythropoietin – a hormone that is part of a negative feedback mechanisms that controls the rate of red blood cell formation • Produced in the liver and kidneys (controlled by oxygen levels http://webs.ashlandctc.org/mflath/KEYCHAPTER%2014%20OBJECTIVES_files/image002.gif

  12. Main functions of Red blood cells • Transports oxygen throughout body and picks up carbon dioxide • Hemoglobin - molecule which combines with oxygen to transport it within the blood • Iron is critical to the creating of hemoglobin

  13. http://gassama.myweb.uga.edu/hemoglobinmolecule.gif

  14. Oxygen levels in blood • Oxyhemoglobin – blood has plenty of oxygen, appears bright red • Deoxyhemoglobin – blood is not carrying much oxygen, appears "bluish red"

  15. Red blood cell production requires: • Iron • Vitamin B12 • Folic Acid • Anemia = too few red blood cells https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQtvvjNgc-sxmkYMIULmSzDmGM9yUkUXZekHI43ZzV8CJpFi9fuyg

  16. White blood cells – leukocytes • General function - defend the body against disease-causing agents (microorganisms) • Five different types in two groups: • 1. Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm): Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils • 2. Agranulocytes (lacking granular cytoplasm): Monocytes, Lymphocytes

  17. http://illuminationstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/leukocytes.jpghttp://illuminationstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/leukocytes.jpg

  18. 1. Neutrophils • Very active in phagocyting bacteria • Are present in large amount in the pus of wounds • Most common make up 60% of WBC http://images.wisegeek.com/neutrophil.jpg

  19. 2. Eosinophils • Attack parasites • Control allergic reaction • 2% WBC

  20. 3. Basophils • Produces Heparin (prevents blood clots) and Histamines (causes inflammatory reaction) • Less then 1% WBC

  21. 4. Monocytes • Precursors of macrophages • Phagocytes • Make up 6% of WBCs

  22. 5. Lymphocytes • Main constituents of the immune system which is a defense against the attack of pathogenic micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protista • Yield antibodies and arrange them on their membrane • Make up 30% of WBCs White blood cell interactive

  23. Platelets – Thrombocytes • Help initiate formation of blood clots, • They close breaks in damaged blood vessels http://www.ouhsc.edu/platelets/Platelet%20Pics/Platelets3.jpg

  24. Blood Plasma • The liquid portion of the blood • 92% water • transports nutrients, gases, vitamins, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, and pH • Four types of proteins in plasma http://blog.inceptsaves.com/files/2011/02/45497505_c0013438-frozen_blood_plasma-spl-1.jpg

  25. Albumin • Origin: Liver • Function: Helps maintain osmotic pressure and blood volume (blood pressure) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ALB_structure.png/250px-ALB_structure.png

  26. Alpha Globulin • Origin: Liver • Function: Transport lipids and fat – soluble vitamins

  27. Beta Globulin • Origin: Liver • Function: Transport lipids and fat – soluble vitamins

  28. Gamma Globulin • Origin: Lymphatic tissue • Function: Constitute a type of antibody for immunity

  29. Fibrinogen • Origin: Liver • Function: Largest molecules of plasma proteins; important for blood clotting. Major event in blood clotting is the change of fibrogen into fibrin http://www.bmsc.washington.edu/people/teller/fig1.gif

  30. Hemostasis • The process of stopping bleeding • Coagulation causes the formation of a blood clot • 3 Key Events http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/circulatorysystem/blood/hemostasis/menu/image.gif

  31. 1. Blood Vessel Spasm (vasoconstriction) • Damaged or broken vessels stimulate muscle tissue in the walls of the blood vessels to contract • This slows or stops blood flow, lasts for several minutes. • Also, platelets release serotonin, a vasoconstrictor which maintains the muscle spasm even longer.

  32. http://www.medivisuals.com/images/products/detail/503031-05X.jpghttp://www.medivisuals.com/images/products/detail/503031-05X.jpg

  33. 2. Platelet plug formation • Platelets stick to surfaces of damaged blood vessels and to each other to form a "plug" http://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/10._powerpoint_-_cardiovascular_system/platelet_plug_formation.jpg

  34. 3. Blood coagulation • Most effective, forms a blood clot (hematoma). • Injury causes an increase in the release of coagulants. • Main event - conversion of fibrinogen into long protein threads called fibrin.

  35. Tissue damage cause the prodction of prothrombin activator (calcium ions must be present) • Prothrombin get converted to thrombin • Thrombin acts as an enzyme to cause change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which traps platelets and blood cells to form a hematoma

  36. http://images.emedicinehealth.com/images/eMedicineHealth/illustrations/blood_clot.jpghttp://images.emedicinehealth.com/images/eMedicineHealth/illustrations/blood_clot.jpg

  37. Thrombus - a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Thrombus-3.jpg

  38. Embolus - when the clot moves and becomes lodged in another place http://www.thrombosisadviser.com.tw/html/images/library/atherothrombosis/embolus-cerebral-artery-illustration-PU.jpg

  39. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Blood types are controlled by three alleles: • A, B, & O • A & B are codominant; O is recessive • This makes the genetics of blood very interesting

  40. Antigens and Anitbodies • Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion reaction • It is due to a reaction between red blood cell surface molecules called antigens and protein antibodies carried in plasma • The type of antigens deternmines what blood type a person is

  41. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n_Z7V0vf3ic/Tbt5_Vi3P6I/AAAAAAAAABg/tTTs_IXHaPg/s1600/Slide+1.pnghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n_Z7V0vf3ic/Tbt5_Vi3P6I/AAAAAAAAABg/tTTs_IXHaPg/s1600/Slide+1.png

  42. Blood transfusions • Blood that has antibodies on it that is not recognized by the body will be attacked by your immune system • O is the Universal Donor because a person with this type of blood does not have antigens on the surface of the blood cells • This will not cause an immune reaction in the patient.

  43. AB is the universal Acceptor because this person will not have an immune reaction to A, B, AB, or O http://www.bankofmontana.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blood_Group_Compatibility.gif

  44. Rh Blood group • A person can either be Rh+ (have Rh surface antigens) or Rh- (do not have Rh surface antigens) • Positive is the dominant genotype http://www.arcinlandempire.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/blood-type.png

  45. Problem: When a fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, this can cause the mother's immune system to attack the fetus. • Called Erythroblastosis fetalis • Doctors can prevent this reaction by giving the woman an injection that will suppress her immune reaction.

  46. http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap19/figure_19_04_labeled.jpghttp://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap19/figure_19_04_labeled.jpg

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