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German Grammar Lectures

German Grammar Lectures. Lecture 4: Definite and Indefinite Articles Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk. 4.1 The definite article.

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German Grammar Lectures

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  1. German Grammar Lectures Lecture 4: Definite and Indefinite Articles Designed by Paul Joyce University of Portsmouth E-Mail: Paul.Joyce@port.ac.uk

  2. 4.1 The definite article • 'The' is the definite article in English. It is used to restrict the meaning of a noun to make it refer to something that is known by both the speaker and the listener...: • He's gone to the shops. (Here the listener knows which shops I mean) • …or to something already mentioned: • There's a word for that. What is the word?

  3. 4.2 German definite articles • The German definite article - der bestimmte Artikel - also has this defining function. • Definition is also expressed grammatically by the endings on such articles which show: 1) Gender - masculine, feminine or neuter? 2) Number - singular or plural? 3) Case - nominative, accusative, dative, genitive?

  4. 4.3 Definite Article: Endings

  5. 4.4 Articles and endings • Sometimes the endings on definite articles are accompanied by endings on nouns: • Dative plural-n (e.g. Hier ist das Haus mit den Lichtern) • Genitive singular masculine / neuter-(e)s (e.g. die Geschichte des Schlosses; der Sieg des erfolgreichen Vereins)

  6. 4.5 The many uses of “der” • Sometimes the same ending on the definite article can be used in different contexts: • der masculine nominative singular (e.g. DerMann hat ein Auto.) • BUT also feminine dative singular: (e.g. Er gab derFrau das Auto.) • AND also feminine & plural in the genitive: (e.g. das Auto der Frau / derFrauen )

  7. 4.6 Articles Quiz (1): Information • Givegender, number & caseof the articles: • Wie heißt die Hauptstadt derSchweiz? 2) Wer gab den Spielern den Ball? 3) Wer zeigt dem Lehrer denSinn desLebens?

  8. 4.7 Genders Quiz (1): Answers 1) Wie heißt die Hauptstadt derSchweiz? (die = Feminine, Singular, Nominative; der= Feminine, Singular, Genitive) 2) Wer gab den Spielern den Ball? (den= Masculine, Plural, Dative;den= Masculine, Singular, Accusative) 3) Wer zeigt dem Lehrer denSinn desLebens? (dem = Neuter, Singular, Dative; den = Masc., Sing., Acc.; des = Neut., Sing., Gen.)

  9. am = an + dem: (= am Bahnhof) ans = an + das: (=ansTelefon gehen) beim = bei + dem: (= beim Arzt) vom = von + dem: (= vom Flughafen) im = in + dem:(= im Gefängnis) ins = in + das: (=ins Haus gehen) zum = zu + dem: (= zum Arzt gehen) zur = zu + der: (= zur Kasse gehen) 4.8 Contractions of der + preposition

  10. 4.9 Definite article equivalents • The definite article has a few equivalents. • Some of them have a demonstrative force: • dieser - this / that • jener - that (N.B. jener is mainly used in comparisons: “Dieser ist gut, aber jener ist schlecht.” • solcher - such

  11. These determiners have endings like “der” 4.10 Case endings: “dieser”

  12. Again, note the similar endings to “der” 4.11 Case endings: “solcher”

  13. 4.12 Equivalents: examples • Wer nahm dieserFrau die Handtasche? (Who took this woman’s handbag?) • Der Geruch diesesApfels wirkt erfrischend. (The smell of this apple is refreshing.) • Ich kenne einen Mönch mit solchem Namen. (I know a monk with a name like this.) • Dieses Auto ist gut, aber jenesist schlecht. (This car is good, but that one is bad.)

  14. 4.13 Article Equivalents (2) • Other definite article equivalents have an identifying or defining force: • jeder - each • welcher? - which? • irgendwelcher - some (or other) • beide - both (plural only) • aller - all • sämtlicher - all

  15. These also add similar endings to “der” 4.14 Case endings for “jeder”

  16. Again, note the similar endings to “der” 4.15 Case endings: “welcher”

  17. 4.16 Equivalents: examples • BeideFrauen waren schwanger. (Both women were pregnant.) • Mit welchen Reportern hast du geredet? (With which reporters did you speak?) • Wer weiß den Wert jedes Autos? (Who knows the value of every car?) • Gibt es hier Ärzte irgendwelcherArt? (Are there any doctors here of any kind?)

  18. 4.17 Case endings for “all-”

  19. 4.18 “alle” and “sämtliche” • We mainly use “alle” & “sämtliche” in the plural: “Er sprach mit allen Mitgliedern” • They can however be used in the singular: • Paul hat sämtlichen Wein getrunken. (Paul has drunk all the wine.) • Er wünschte mir allesGute zum Geburtstag. (He wished me all the best on my birthday) • AllerAnfang ist schwer! (The first step is the hardest.)

  20. 4.19 Other plural determiners • Many other plural determiners decline in the same way as “dieser”: • andere (= other); einige (= some); etliche(= some); mehrere (= several); viele(= many); wenige (= a few) • Ich lese gern die Meinungen anderer Leute. (I like reading the opinions of other people.) • Er hat mit mehrerenProblemen zu kämpfen. (He is struggling with several problems)

  21. 4.20 “derselbe” & “derjenige” • Note in particular the endings on derselbe (= the same) and derjenige(= the one who) • Both elements decline: “der-” adds the definite article endings whereas the second elementadds the adjective endings that you would use on adjectives that follow the definite article: • Die Ministerin sprach mit demselben Mann. (The minister spoke to the same man.) • Ist er derjenige, der…? (Is he the one who...?)

  22. There are two sets of endings to learn here! 4.21 Case endings: “derselbe”

  23. 4.22 Quiz (2): endings • Ich bin Mitglied _____________ Vereins. (= I am a member of some club or other.) • Mit _______ Zigarette steigt das Risiko. (= The risk rises with every cigarette.) • Hier sind die Adressen _______ Benutzer. (= Here are the addresses of both users.) • Mit _________ Kosten muss man rechnen? (= What sort of costs can you expect?)

  24. 4.23 Quiz (2): answers • Ich bin Mitglied irgendwelchesVereins. (= I am a member of some club or other.) • Mit jeder Zigarette steigt das Risiko. (= The risk rises with every cigarette.) • Hier sind die Adressen beiderBenutzer. (= Here are the addresses of both users.) • Mit welchenKosten muss man rechnen? (= What sort of costs can you expect?)

  25. 4.24 The indefinite article • “A” and “an” are both used for the indefinite article in English. • Whereas “the boy” refers to a definite, particular boy, “a boy” refers to no particular boy; it could be any boy. • Grammatically too, the German indefinite article - der unbestimmte Artikel - displays less information than the definite article.

  26. 4.25 Indefinite article: endings

  27. 4.26 Zero indefinite endings • Unlike the definite article there is a zero ending on the indefinite article for: - masculine nouns in the nominative case - neuter nouns in the nom. and acc. Cases • Anja liest ein Buch (NOT: eines) • Ein Buch wird gelesen (NOT: eines) • Ist das Buch ein Roman? (NOT: einer)

  28. 4.27 “einer” and “eines” • einer = EITHER feminine dative singular: (e.g. Er gab einer Frau das Auto.) OR feminine genitive singular: (e.g. das Auto einer Frau) • eines= EITHER masculine genitive sing.: (e.g. das Auto eines Mannes) OR neuter genitive singular: (e.g. das Auto eines Mädchens)

  29. 4.28 Omission of articles • Omit the indefinite article when using sein, werden or bleiben with nouns denoting: • professions Er ist Arzt • nationalities Sie ist Engländerin • beliefs Er wurde Marxist • religions Bist du Katholik? • status Markus blieb Junggeselle

  30. 4.29 The article “kein” • keinis the negative form of the indefinite article. It equates to English: “not a” / “no”. • It declines like the article ein: • KeinBuch wird gelesen (NOT: keines) • Wir haben zur Zeit keinen Erfolg (= We’re having no success at the moment) • Aus keinembesonderen Grund (= for no particular reason)

  31. 4.30 Case endings on “kein”

  32. Singular mein: my dein: your(= informal) Ihr: your(= formal) sein: his; its ihr: her Plural unser: our euer: your(= informal) Ihr: your(= formal) ihr: their 4.31 The German possessives

  33. 4.32 Possessive endings • Possessive endings are exactly the same as those on the indefinite article. • This means that there is a zero ending on the possessive for masculine nouns in the nominative case and neuter nouns in the nominative and accusative cases • Ihr Buch wird gelesen (NOT: ihres) • Ist das Buch mein Roman? (NOT: meiner)

  34. 4.33 Possessive endings: “ihr”

  35. 4.34 Possessive endings: “sein”

  36. 4.35 Quiz (2): possessive endings • Ich schenkte _______ Mann einen Ring. (I gave my husband a ring.) • Verändern Sie die Farbe ________ Augen!(Change the colour of your eyes!) • Ohne ________ BMW können sie nicht leben.(They can’t live without their BMW.) • __________ Fernsehapparat ist kaputt!(Our TV is broken!)

  37. 4.36 Quiz (2): answers • Ich schenkte meinem Mann einen Ring. (I gave my husband a ring.) • Verändern Sie die Farbe Ihrer Augen! (Change the colour of your eyes!) • Ohne ihren BMW können sie nicht leben.(They can’t live without their BMW.) • Unser Fernsehapparat ist kaputt!(Our TV is broken!)

  38. 4.37 “euer” and “unser” • The plural possessive euer drops the -e- of the stem when it adds endings: • Ist das euer Auto? (= Is that your car?) • BUT: Wir sitzen in euremAuto. (We are sitting in your car.) • Die Farbe euresAutos gefällt mir. (I like the colour of your car.) • Unserbehaves similarly in spoken German but NOT in written German.

  39. 4.38 Possessive endings: “euer”

  40. 4.39 Quiz (3): “euer” endings • Nehmt ihr ______ Mercedes? (= Are you taking your Mercedes?) • ______ Garten ist größer als _____ Garten! (= Our garden is bigger than your garden!) • Das ist das Haus _______ Nachbarn. (= That is your neighbour’s house.) • Ich sprach mit _________ Vater darüber. (= I spoke with your father about this.)

  41. 4.40 Quiz (3): Answers • Nehmt ihr eurenMercedes? (= Are you taking your Mercedes?) • UnserGarten ist größer als euer Garten! (= Our garden is bigger than your garden!) • Das ist das Haus euresNachbarn. (= That is your neighbour’s house.) • Ich sprach mit euremVater darüber. (= I spoke with your father about this.)

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