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Respiration

Respiration. Cellular, internal and external respiration Depending on the organism, these work in unison to provide all gases needed for life. Cellular Respiration. Occurs at the cell level ( ie in the cells) Converts oxygen and sugars to carbon dioxide and energy

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Respiration

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  1. Respiration • Cellular, internal and external respiration • Depending on the organism, these work in unison to provide all gases needed for life

  2. Cellular Respiration • Occurs at the cell level (ie in the cells) • Converts oxygen and sugars to carbon dioxide and energy • C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat+ energy • All cells do this using their mitochondria

  3. Internal Respiration • Process of bringing gases from the blood to the cells • Hemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the cells to be used in cellular respiration

  4. External Respiration • Process of breathing • Exchange of gases between the animal and the environment • Occurs through diffusion of gases through a moist semi-permeable membrane

  5. Sum Up Those Readings • Air enters the nostrils • passes through the pharynx, • into the trachea • into the right and left bronchi, which branches and rebranches into • bronchioles, each of which terminates in a cluster of • Alveoli where gas exchange actually occurs • Capillaries surround each alveoli, allowing for CO2 to be given back to the lungs to be breathed out, and O2 to be absorbed into blood to be brought to cells • Diaphragm flattening (moving down) and ribs moving outwards, causes lungs to fill with air

  6. What is Homeostasis? • Refers to “same state”, our bodies like to remain in the same state • All homeostatic mechanisms use negative feedback to maintain a constant value • Negative feedback means that whenever a change occurs in a system, the change automatically causes a corrective mechanism to start (similar to thermostat)

  7. How is Breathing Controlled To Maintain Homeostasis • One of the few bodily functions that is both voluntary and involuntary • Involuntary control centers in the brainstem • Carbon dioxide increases in blood, lowers the pH (chemistry) • Stimulates chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries and medulla oblongata • Sends nerve impulse to diaphragm to increase breathing

  8. Transport and Respiration Homeostasis • This system transports hormones, which are key substances in the negative feedback mechanisms of the body, to target cells. • When the heart rate gets too high and cardiac output is too much, the increased blood pressure stretches the baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries. • Sends a signal to the medullainitiating the parasympathetic nervous system, slowing cardiac output

  9. Disorders Associated with Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems • Atherosclerosis • Asthma • COPD (emphysema) • Lung Cancer • Cystic Fibrosis • Hemophilia • Sickle Cell Disease

  10. Personal Lifestyle Choices that Contribute to the Health of these Systems • Choosing not to smoke • Maintaining a healthy diet • Exercise regularly • Reduce stress • Consuming alcohol in excess • Illegal drug use (steriodsSchwarzenegger, speedball John Belushi, ODB cocaine)

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