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Radionuclides & Radiation : Tools for Betterment of Humankind

Radionuclides & Radiation : Tools for Betterment of Humankind. Meera Venkatesh Radiopharmaceuticals Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Radionuclides – What are they?. Unstable nuclides of elements Emission of energetic rays in the process of becoming a different, more stable nuclide

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Radionuclides & Radiation : Tools for Betterment of Humankind

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  1. Radionuclides & Radiation : Tools for Betterment of Humankind Meera Venkatesh Radiopharmaceuticals Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

  2. Radionuclides – What are they? • Unstable nuclides of elements • Emission of energetic rays in the process of becoming a different, more stable nuclide • Radioactive rays

  3. Radionuclides - Properties • Emission of Radiation • alpha (), beta () : particulates • gamma () : non-particulate • energetic; varying energies • Transient - non-permanent • concept of half life; varying half-lives

  4. Radiations : , ,  • energetic • interact with matter to deposit the energy • the radiations are easily measurable at very low amounts - high sensitivity • the material may alter and its properties may change – e.g. polymerisation • the radiation will attenuate after interacting with the material – e.g. its energy reduces, intensity reduces

  5. Some Areas of Impact • Medical • diagnostic, therapeutic, sterilization • Agriculture • food preservation, tracers, mutation • Industry & Hydrology • radiography, tracers, gauging, radiation processing • Research • tracers ...

  6. Radioisotope/Radiation Applications : Basis • Easy detectability : Tracers • Alterations in the material on irradiation • Attenuation in the radiation itself

  7. Easy detectability of radiation • Tracer applications - Medical • Diagnostic in-vivo Nuclear Medicine; • static imaging of organs; • dynamic imaging of organs; • understanding the functioning of vital organs; • delineation of tumours etc.etc. • Diagnostic in-vitro radiometric kits • hormones/drugs/antigens measurement in biological samples

  8. Tracer applications - industries, water management • trouble shooting; hydrology applications; process development/optimisation, monitoring industrial reactions etc. • Tracer applications - laboratory & agricultural tracers; • process understanding; optimisation of manure/ pesticide; fate of the used manure/pesticide etc.

  9. Radioisotope/Radiation Applications : Basis • Easy detectability : Tracers • Alterations in the material on irradiation • Attenuation in the radiation itself

  10. Alterations in the material • damage to living cells, death of living organisms - fungi, bacteria, cancer cell .. • polymerisation of monomers • creation of defects in materials - crystal structure • breaking of very tough materials

  11. Damage to living cells • Fungi, bacteria .. ; food preservation by irradiation; sterilization of medical products by gamma irradiation; blood irradiation • cancer cells ;teletherapy, brachytherapy, in-vivo therapy - radiopharmaceuticals, loco-regional therapy

  12. polymerisation of monomers; • radiation processing of wires, cables, ‘O’ rings etc. • breaking of very tough materials • degradation of polymers, teflon etc. • creation of defects in crystal structure • colouration of diamonds

  13. Radioisotope/Radiation Applications : Basis • Easy detectability : Tracers • Alterations in the material on irradiation • Attenuation in the radiation itself

  14. Attenuation in the radiation • intensity decrease • information about the material - uniformity, thickness, defects etc. • Gamma radiography ; status of/defects in materials • Nucleonic gauges;thickness, level measurements

  15. Which radionuclides or radiations? Selection Criteria • Emission properties • type of radiation, energy • Half life • Chemistry • Feasibility • Cost

  16. Medical use of Radiation & Radioisotopes Diagnostic Therapeutic Radiation processing Teletherapy In-vivo Radiopharmaceuticals Brachytherapy Gamma knife In-vitro radiometric assays Sterilization, Blood Irradiation Polymerized products : hydrogel, drug delivery systems

  17. Radiopharmaceuticals • Molecules containing Radioactivity used in Medicine - for Diagnosis & Therapy • Diagnostic Products • In-vivo • injectibles • oral • In-vitro • Radiometric assays • Therapeutic Products • In-vivo • injectibles • oral • Sealed Sources • Brachy Therapy • Topical Applications

  18. Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals • In-Vitro : ‘in-glass’ or outside the body • Radiometric Assays (RIAs & IRMAs) • Nobel prize winning technology (Dr Yalow-1976) • Very useful tool in diagnosing diseases related to hormones; indispensable in pathology labs • More recently use in various areas : Tumor Specific Antigens, viral antigens, drugs with narrow therapeutic index, non-clinical applications • IRMA- Prostate Specific Antigen - Prostate Cancer • RIA-Aflatoxin B1 - mycotoxin - food commodities

  19. Radiometric Assays • Analytical techniques to measure minute quantities of an analyte in a complex matrix • Use of radiolabeled molecule as the tracer • Utility in Medicine, Environment, Food industry etc.

  20. Concentration Substance 10 mmol/L 1 Glucose Albumin 100 10 umol/L 1 Creatinin Iron Immunoglobulin 100 10 nmol/L 1 Thyroxin, Cortisol Progesterone, Testosterone, T3 Estradiol 100 10 pmol/L Insulin Free T3 Endocrinology, Oncology Drug development Pharmacology & toxicology Non clinical fields

  21. Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals : in-vivo • In-Vivo : ‘inside the body’ • Static Imaging • Organ size, shape, abnormalities etc. • Thyroid, Liver, Kidneys, Brain, Skeleton, Lungs, malignancies • Presence of nodules, tumours, metastatic lesions, goitre, abcess, shrinkage etc. • Dynamic Imaging • Functioning of the organ, rate, output, defects etc. • Heart, Liver, Kidneys • Infarcted myocardium, hole in the heart, filtration defects in kidneys etc.

  22. Nuclear Medicine – for imaging • Very safe • Non-invasive • No reactions or side effects • minimal radiation dose

  23. Uniqueness of a nuclear scan • X-ray, USG, CT & MRI – give anatomic information. • Nuclear scan provides unique FUNCTIONAL as well as ANATOMIC INFORMATION • A highly sensitive technique; • also known as Molecular Imaging • Available for almost every organ / system

  24. Example: Functioning of heart muscles Typical heart scan - dynamic showing various regions for easy diagnosis of functioning and quantification of results

  25. Static images of thyroidwith Na99mTcO4 Avid Uptake with increased TSH Iodine Deficiency Goitre Normal Lingual Thyroid Avid Uptake with increased T3& T4 Toxicosis Cold Nodule - Rt Lobe

  26. WHOLE BODY BONE SCAN for skeletal metastases in patients with known or suspected cancer. 99mTc MDP Bone Scan Multiple Metastases Ca Prostate Multiple Metastases Ca Lt Breast Normal

  27. Positron Emission Tomography: PET • Recent technology • 18F-Fuloro deoxy glucose (18F-FDG) most widely used tracer for PET • 3D picture of defects, clear, precise • Most often used to find out recurrence of cancers • Also used to image heart and brain to find tissues that are not ‘alive’ (do not take up glucose)

  28. Example : PET machine & PET image

  29. Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals • Deleterious effect of ionising radiations on cells/organisms • In-vivo & Sealed Sources • Primarily Cancers; others : hyperthyroidism, radiation synoviorthesis etc. • Historically very old ; non-systematic • Systematic - Old - 131I, 32P • Surge - past 15 years • Forecast : sales 0.5 B USD now to 2.8 B in 2007

  30. Range of particulate radiations 10 a : cell nucleus b : single cell c : few cells d : 100 cells d 1 c Range (mm) 0.1 b 0.01 a Auger e- 5.3 MeV, 0.15 MeV- 1.7 MeV -

  31. Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals • Palliative - Bone pain • Radiolabeled phosphonates • 89Sr Chloride, 32P-phosphate, 153Sm-EDTMP, 188Re-HEDP , 188Re-CTMP, 177Lu-DOTMP, 175Yb-DOTMP • Liver cancer treatment • colloids/particulates - through hepatic artery • 166Ho-chitosan, 90Y-glass microspheres, 188Re-Sn colloid • Radiation Synoviorthesis • colloids/particulates : intra articular injections • 166Ho-Hydroxyapaptite(HA), 153Sm-HA, BARC - clinical trials and supply

  32. Example: Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis using a radiopharmaceutical

  33. Brachytherapy • Use of radioactive sources for treatment • Within the tissue • Covering the cancer tissue – like amould • Within a cavity having cancer • Within a vessel to be irradiated

  34. Treatment of Breast Cancer

  35. Low Energy Radioactive Plaque Therapy for treatment of Ocular melonoma Tiny rice-sized {0.8mm(OD)x4.75mm(l)}radioactive seeds (15-25 no.) are glued into the gold eye-plaque or seed carrier. A mushroom-shaped choroidal melanoma Plaque is sewn covering the tumour and removed after stipulated dose delivery (2-3 weeks)

  36. Clinical Trials • Sankara Netralaya, Chennai; 10 Patients successfully treated since Sept. 2003; all doing fine. • Product awaiting AERB approval for regular use

  37. Prostate brachytherapy–within tissues . • Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer cells grow in the prostate. Seed implantation with I-125/Pd-103 seeds (brachytherapy) is a highly effective treatment for men with prostate cancer. • Treatment: • Hormone therapy • Surgery • Radiation therapy

  38. Intracavitary brachytherapy • Encapsulation of small radioactive (137Cs)tubes(40 mCi each). • Location of tumor position. • Implantation of applicator

  39. External beam radiation therapy - Teletherapy • External source • High intensity radiation; 60Co – most widely used • A machine is used to direct the radiation to the tumor (cancer) through the skin.

  40. IndigenousTeletherapy Machine

  41. Gamma Knife Multiple targeting (up to 201 60Co sources; 1 TBq each; circular array) to achieve better dose delivery and low damage to surrounding tissues. • Brain tumors • Acoustic neuroma • Arteriovenous • malformation (AVM) • Trigeminal neuralgia High accuracy, low risk, low complications, low morbidity

  42. Radioisotope Applications in IndustryQuick, easy, clean and cost saving techniques Sealed Sources • Radiation Processing • Radiography Testing • Gamma Scanning • Industrial tomography • Nucleonic Control Systems Radioactive Tracers • Flow rate measurements • Inventory Control - chemical plants • Leak/blockage detection- pipe lines • RTD Studies in chemical reactors • Silt movement studies (harbours)

  43. Radiation processing • Gamma rays/ Electron beams • Medical products sterilization • Blood irradiation • Polymerisation • Hydrogel • Surface curing of materials-cables, wires, O-rings • Processing of sewage sludge • Value addition of gems • Food & Agriculture industry

  44. Gamma irradiation plant

  45. Electron Beam Machine

  46. Radiation processed Hydrogel for use as Burn/Wound Dressing Product patented Commercialized

  47. Sewage Sludge Hygienization Facility Vadodara

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