Chapter 8- Notes

1. Chapter 8- Notes The Jefferson Era

2. The “Revolution of 1800” • John Adams ran for a 2nd term as the Federalist candidate for President. Charles Pickney (from SC) was his VP candidate. • The Republicans chose Jefferson and Aaron Burr (VP)

3. The “Revolution of 1800” • Elections were much different that they are today. • It was considered to be in “bad taste” for candidates to campaign themselves. • Instead their supporters and friends wrote letters to leading citizens and to friendly newspapers. • The letter writing campaign turned “ugly”

4. The “Revolution of 1800” • Federalist charged Jefferson, who believed in freedom of religion, as being “godless”. • Republicans said that the Federalists wanted to restore the monarchy and that they only had the interests of the wealthy in mind.

5. The “Revolution of 1800” • When the Electoral College votes were counted Jefferson and Burr each had 73 votes. Adams and Pickney a distant 3rd and 4th. • It would be up to the House of Representatives to break the tie and chose the next president. • Many Federalists saw this as a possible way to block Jefferson from becoming president.

6. The “Revolution of 1800” • For 35 ballots, the election remained tied. • Finally, at Hamilton’s urging (this would later cost Hamilton his life), one Federalist decided not to vote for Burr. • Jefferson became President, and Burr Vice-President.

7. The “Revolution of 1800” • The election of 1800 is sometimes referred to as the “Revolution of 1800” because it marked for one of the few times in the history of the world when one political faction peacefully gained control of the government that was in power. • There were no bloody coups or reprisals…just votes.

8. Jefferson’s Inauguration • TJ wore everyday clothes and walked to the Senate to be sworn in. • Adams slipped away the night before so he would not be in attendance. • TJ, in his speech, tried to reach out to the Federalists. (We are Republicans, we are all Federalists) • He laid out his plans for a wise and frugal government which supported state governments.

9. Jefferson’s Philosophy of Government • TJ believed in reducing the size of the federal government. (French philosophy of laissez-faire- let the people do as they chose). • TJ believed that the strength of the US was its independent farmers. • As long as people owned their own property, they would fight to protect their rights and defend the republic.

10. Jefferson’s Philosophy of Government • For this reason, TJ also favored expanding the country west. • He believed the federal government should be kept small. • He distrusted standing armies and wanted to reduce the size of the military.

11. Jefferson’s Cabinet • TJ surrounded himself with people who shared his Republican values. • Sec. of State- James Madison (his friend and fellow Virginian) • Sec. of Treasury- Albert Gallatin (from PA, he had a grasp of finances that rivaled Hamilton’s)

12. Jefferson’s Actions • Allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire and repealed the Naturalization Act (hated Federalists policies) • To reduce the national debt the Federalists had left behind: • Cut the army by 1/3; reduced navy ships from 25 to 7 • repealed all internal taxes (incl. whiskey tax)

13. Jefferson’s Actions • Government funds would only come from tariffs and from the sale of western lands. • The federal government in 1801 consisted only of a few hundred people. • Its duty was to delivering the mail, collecting tariffs, and conducting a census (population count) every 10 years.

14. Jefferson and the Courts • Before TJ took office, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which set up 16 regional courts. • In the final few hours of his presidency, John Adams hurried to appoint Federalists judges to these positions. • When TJ took office on March 4th a few of these had not been delivered. TJ ordered them not to be delivered.

15. Jefferson and the Courts • One of the commissions not delivered was addressed to Wm. Marbury. • To force the delivery, Marbury took his case directly to the Supreme Court. • Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review in which the judicial branch could nullify laws that went against the Constitution.

16. The Louisiana Purchase (8-2) • Americans in the West depended on the Mississippi River to get their goods to market in the East. • In 1795, Spain signed the Pickney Treaty agreeing to allow the US free navigation of the Miss. R and the right to trade at New Orleans. • In 1802, Spain began to refuse to abide by the terms of the treaty.

17. The Louisiana Purchase • Later in 1802, the US confirmed their suspicion that Spain had made a secret deal sending the Louisiana Territory back to France. • France’s leader, Napoleon, had dreams of empire not only in Europe but in North America as well. • French ownership of the LT alarmed TJ.

18. The Louisiana Purchase • TJ authorized Robert Livingston, the new minister to France, to spend up to $10 million to buy New Orleans from the French. • In the meantime, a slave revolt in Haiti led by Toussaint Louverture overthrew French rule and Napoleon’s dream of empire in North America.

19. The Louisiana Purchase • France needing money in their war with Britain decided they wanted to sell the whole LT to the Americans. They offered to sell it to the US for $15 million. • This was a too good of a deal to pass up and Livingston readily agreed.

20. The Louisiana Purchase • Problem #1: Livingston was not authorized to spend this much. • Problem #2: The Constitution did not give the president the authority to purchase lands. • Problem #3: TJ and the Republicans believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution • THE DEAL went through anyway. (treaty)

21. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • The lands west of the Mississippi River were virtually unexplored in 1804. • TJ sent Merriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead an expedition of discovery. • L&C were sent on a scientific expedition and to see if a river water route to the Pacific existed. They kept journals of the plants and animals they encountered, kept maps, and maintained friendly relations with the Native Americans they encountered.

22. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • Travelling against the current on the Missouri River was difficult. • Sacagawea help serve as their guide. • After a 4,000 mile journey they finally arrived at the Pacific Ocean. • They spent the winter at Fort Clatsop and returned home the following Spring.

23. Zebulon Pike • Even before LC returned home, TJ sent Zebulon Pike to explore some of the southern parts of Louisiana Purchase. • Pike explored in the area of present-day Colorado.

24. Federalists Plan to Secede NOT IN YOUR TEXT !!! • Many Federalist opposed the Louisiana Purchase. • They feared that the new states carved out of this new territory would be pro-Republican. • A group of Federalists in Massachusetts plotted to secede– or withdraw– from the United States. • They wanted New England to form a separate “Northern Confederacy”

25. Federalists Plan to Secede • The plotters realized that they would need to include New York in their plans if they were to succeed. • They turned to Aaron Burr, who had been cast aside by the Republicans for his refusal to withdraw from the 1800 election. • The Federalists supported Burr in his 1804 bid for governor of New York.

26. Burr and Hamilton • AH had never trusted Burr. Now, he was hearing rumors that Burr if elected would lead NY out of the union. • Hamilton accused Burr of treason. • When Burr lost the election he blamed Hamilton and challenged him to a duel. • The two met in July 1804 in New Jersey. In the duel, Hamilton was seriously wounded and died the next day. • Burr fled to avoid arrest.

28. Quiz Time !!!

29. QUIZ 8- 1 &2 • In 1800, where did the US territory end in the west? • What man was conspicuously absent at TJ’s inauguration? • What group did TJ believe was the strength of the US? • After TJ got Congress to repeal internal taxes there were 2 sources of income for the US. Name one (5 pts ec if you name both)

30. QUIZ • Name the French leader who had plans for empire in Europe and North America. • The Louisiana Purchase did what to the size of the US? • How much did the US pay for the Louisiana? • How much per acre?

31. Quiz • In the early months, what river did Lewis and Clark travel? • Name the Shoshone woman who served as their guide. • How long did it take LC to return to St. Louis? (+/- 3 months) • Name the person who explored Colorado

32. Quiz • Name the African-American on the Lewis and Clark expedition. • Aaron Burr blamed Hamilton for his losing two elections. Name the year and office he was seeking for one of them. (5 pts ec if you name both) • In what state, did the Hamilton-Burr duel take place.

33. QUIZ • In 1800, where did the US territory end in the west? • What man was conspicuously absent at TJ’s inauguration? • What group did TJ believe was the strength of the US? • After TJ got Congress to repeal internal taxes there were 2 sources of income for the US. Name one (5 pts ec if you name both) • Mississippi River • John Adams • Farmers • Tariffs and the sale of western lands

34. QUIZ • Name the French leader who had plans for empire in Europe and North America. • The Louisiana Purchase did what to the size of the US? • How much did the US pay for the Louisiana? • How much per acre? • 5. Napoleon Bonaparte • 6. doubled • 7. $15 million • 8. 3 cents

35. Quiz • In the early months, what river did Lewis and Clark travel? • Name the Shoshone woman who served as their guide. • How long did it take LC to return to St. Louis? (+/- 3 months) • Name the person who explored Colorado • 9. Missouri River • 10. Sacajawea • 11. 28 months (25-31 ok) • 12. Zebulon Pike

36. Quiz • Name the African-American on the Lewis and Clark expedition. • Aaron Burr blamed Hamilton for his losing two elections. Name the year and office he was seeking for one of them. (5 pts ec if you name both) • In what state, did the Hamilton-Burr duel take place. • 13. York • 14. President in 1800 or Gov. of NY in 1804 • 15. New Jersey

37. War with Tripoli (8-3) • In the early 1800’s, Americans enjoyed prosperous trade with countries around the world. • Sailing in foreign seas was not without danger. In the Mediterranean Sea, for example, ships had to be on guard for pirates from Tripoli and other Barbary Coast states of North Africa. • For years, these Barbary pirates demanded a tribute, or protection money, from ships sailing in these waters.

38. War with Tripoli • The US paid this tribute money too. • When the rulers of Tripoli demanded more money, President Jefferson refused to pay. • America declared war and sent the navy to blockade. • The Constitution (44 gun), President (44 gun), The Philadelphia (36 gun) and the Essex and Enterprise.

40. War with Tripoli • It truly was not much of a war. • The US broke the back of the Barbary pirates and a peaceful settlement was reached with the leader of Tripoli. • Tripoli agreed not to demand tributes and the US paid a $60,000 ransom for the release of American prisoners. • The War with Tripoli showed the world the US was willing and able to defend her interests.

41. France and England • With France and England at war again, the US tried to remain neutral. • By 1805, both sides had lost patience with American neutrality. • Britain blockaded the French coast and announced that it search all ships trading with France. • France later announced it would search and seize all ships trading with Britain.

42. France and England • The British navy was in desperate need of sailors. • The British navy began searching American ships looking for and taking sailors that had deserted from the British navy. • While they did find some of these sailors, they also impressed thousands of natural born and naturalized American citizens.

43. The Chesapeake • Quite often, British warships lie in wait for American ships leaving American ports. • In June 1807, off the coast of Virginia, the British ship Leoparddemanded to board the American merchant ship the Chesapeake to look for British sailors. • When the American captain refused, the Leopard opened fire killing 3, wounding 18, and crippling the ship.

44. The Chesapeake • Americans reacted with an anti-British fury not seen since the American Revolution. • Many Americans, including Secretary of State James Madison, demanded war against Britain. • President Jefferson did not intend for the British action to go unanswered but he sought a course of action other than war.

45. The Embargo Act • Britain impressment of American sailors and violation of their neutral rights led Jefferson to pass the Embargo Act. • An embargo prohibits trade with another country. • Although Britain was the target of the Embargo Act, the act itself prohibited trade with ALL foreign countries.

46. The Embargo Act • Jefferson wanted to prevent Americans from using other countries as go-betweens in trading with Britain. • Jefferson hoped to hurt Britain while avoiding war. • The Embargo Act of 1807 was a disaster. It all but wiped out American commerce and Britain simply traded with Latin America for its agricultural products.

47. Non –Intercourse Act • The Embargo Act had clearly not worked and it was repealed. • In its place, Congress adopted the Non-Intercourse Act which forbid trading with Britain, France or any of their possessions. • It was no more popular or successful than the Embargo Act.

48. Jefferson Leaves Office • Following GW’s precedent, TJ decided not to seek a 3rd term. • The Republicans chose James Madison as their candidate. • The Federalists chose Charles Pickney. The Federalists hoped that anger over the Embargo Act would help their party. • The Federalists received support in New England but little elsewehere • Madison won 122-47

49. War Fever • James Madison did not take office under the most favorable conditions. • At home and abroad, the nation was mired in the embargo crisis. Meanwhile, Britain continued to claim the right to stop American ships. • The cries for war grew louder and louder.

50. War Fever • In 1810, Congress passed a law allowing trade with Britain or France, depending on which country would lift its trade restrictions with America. • Napoleon seized the opportunity and promised to end France’s trade restrictions. • Unfortunately for Madison, Napoleon lied and continued to seize American ships.