Chapter 8 Drugs

1. 1 Chapter 8Drugs

2. 2 Introduction

3. 3 Drug Dependence

4. 4 Introduction Drug Natural or synthetic substance Used to produce physiological or psychological effects Humans or other higher order animals Narcotic drugs Analgesics Relieve pain by depressing action On the central nervous system Effects blood pressure, pulse rate, and breathing rate

5. 5 Introduction Regular use of a narcotic drug ? leads to physical dependence Opium Extracted from poppies Most common source narcotic drugs

6. 6 Narcotic Drugs Relief from pain Produce sleep

7. 7 Narcotic Drugs Analgesics � relieve pain Depress CNS Regular use ? physical dependence Opium Juice from unripe poppy pod Papaver somniferium Brownish color Morphine content 4-21 percent

8. 8 Opiates: Heroin Morphine Extracted from opium Used to synthesize heroin Administration of heroin Dissolve heroin in water by heating it in a spoon Inject in the skin Produces a �high� Accompanied by drowsiness and sense of well-being Lasts for three to four hours

9. 9

10. 10

11. 11 Opiates: Heroin Average bag 15-20 % heroin Average purity 35% Diluents Quinine � most common Starch Lactose Procaine (Novocaine) Mannitol

12. 12 Opiates: Codeine Present in opium Prepared synthetically from morphine Cough suppressant 1/6 as strong as morphine

13. 13

14. 14 Other Opiates: OxyContin Active ingredient oxycodone Not derived from opium or morphine Has same physiological effects on the body as do opium narcotics Prescribed to a million patients for treatment of chronic pain Prescription fraud, pharmacy robberies

15. 15 Other Opiates: Methadone Well-known synthetic opiate Pharmacologically related to heroin Appears to eliminate the addict�s desire for heroin Produces minimal side effects May be prescribed for pain relief

16. 16

17. 17

18. 18 Hallucinogens

19. 19 Hallucinogens: Marijuana Marijuana is most well-known member of this class Cause marked changes Normal thought processes Perceptions Moods Marijuana: Most controversial drug in this class Long-term effects on health largely unknown

20. 20 Hallucinogens: Marijuana Preparation derived from plant cannabis Tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC Chemical substance responsible for hallucinogenic properties Varies in different parts of the plant Generally decreasing in sequence: Resin Flowers Leaves Little THC in the stem, roots, or seeds Hashish: THC-rich resin Does not cause physical dependency Risk of harm is in heavy, long-term use

21. 21 Hallucinogens: Marijuana

22. 22 Hallucinogens: Marijuana Sinesemilla Unfertilized flowering tops of female plant Male plants removed at first appearance Plants cultivated in small plots

23. 23 Hallucinogens: Marijuana

24. 24 Hallucinogens: Marijuana

25. 25 Hallucinogens: Marijuana Chinese emperor Shen Nung (2737 BC) Prescribed for Female weakness Gout Rheumatism Malaria Beriberi Constipation Absent-mindedness Major source of fiber for ropes

26. 26 Hallucinogens: Marijuana India (1000 BC) Persian and Arabian literature (500 AD) Europe �Napoleon�s soldiers return from Egypt United States (1920) Smuggled across border Spanish ports (Havana, Tampico, etc.)

27. 27 Hallucinogens: Marijuana Grows wild 5-15 feet tall Odd number of leaflets Serrated edges

28. 28 Hallucinogens: Marijuana Loose vegetation: 3-4.5% Sinsemilla: 6-12% Hashish: 2-8% Liquid hashish: 8-20% Resin extract One drop high Experimental or intermittent use no dependence

29. 29 Hallucinogens: Marijuana Heavy users Psychological dedendence Effects Increased heart rate Dry mouth Reddened eyes Impaired motor skills and concentration

30. 30 Long term Amotivational syndrome Apathy Impaired judgment, memory, concentration Poor personal appearance Potential medical uses Glaucoma Antinausea in chemotherapy Hallucinogens: Marijuana

31. 31 Other Hallucinogens: LSD Synthesized from lysergic acid Active dose: 25 micrograms Effects Hallucinations lasting for 12 hours Changes in mood: laughing, crying Anxiety Flashbacks, psychotic reactions much later

32. 32 Other Hallucinogens: PCP Phencyclidine Synthesized in clandestine laboratories Smoked, ingested, or sniffed Often mixed with other drugs LSD Amphetamine Sold as powder (�angle dust�), capsule, or tablet Oral intake First leads to feelings of strength and invulnerability May turn to depression, tendencies toward violence, and suicide

33. 33 Other Hallucinogens: MDMA (Ecstasy)

34. 34 Depressants

35. 35 Depressants Depress the functions of central nervous system Calm irritability and anxiety May induce sleep

36. 36 Depressants: Alcohol Alcohol (ethyl alcohol, ethanol) quickly travels to the brai Suppresses brain�s control of thought processes and muscle coordination Low doses Inhibits judgment, memory, concentration Personality expansive Confident

37. 37 Depressants: Alcohol Moderate doses Reduces coordination greatly Inhibits orderly thought, speech Slows reaction times Impaired walking, driving Higher doses Irritable, emotional Displays of anger, crying

38. 38 Depressants: Alcohol Moderate doses Reduces coordination greatly Inhibits orderly thought, speech Slows reaction times Impaired walking, driving Higher doses Irritable, emotional Displays of anger, crying

39. 39 Depressants: Alcohol Extremely high doses Unconscious Comatose Fatal depression Circulation Respiration

40. 40 Depressants: Barbiturates Adolf Von Bayer �Downers� Derivatives of barbituric acid Feeling of well-being Relax the body Produce sleep Absorbed through small intestine

41. 41 Depressants: Barbiturates Most common for medical use Amobarbitol Pentobarbitol Secobarbitol Phenobarbitol (slow acting) Butabarbitol Physical dependence possible

42. 42 Depressants: Tranquilizers relaxing tranquility without impairment of high-thinking faculties without inducing sleep Antipsychotics Reserpine Chlorpromazine

43. 43 Depressants: Tranquilizers Antianxiety meds Meprobamate (Miltown) Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Diazepam (Valium) Psychological & physical dependence

44. 44 Depressants: Glue Sniffing Immediate effects Exhilaration & euphoria Slurred speech Double vision Impairs judgment Drowsiness Stupor May cause liver, heart, and brain damage Death (halogenated hydrocarbons)

45. 45 Depressants: Glue Sniffing Chemicals Toluene Naphtha Methyl ethyl ketons Gasoline Trichloroethylene Airplane glue Propellants Physiological dependence

46. 46 Stimulants

47. 47 Stimulants Includes Amphetamines (�uppers� or �speed�) Cocaine, which in its free-base form is known as crack Increase alertness or activity Followed by a decrease in fatigue Loss of appetite.

48. 48 Stimulants: Amphetamines Synthetic drugs 5-20 mg/day Feeling of well-being Increased alertness Decreased fatigue Loss of appetite Restlessness Instability Down to depression

49. 49 Stimulants: Amphetamines �Speed freak� Injected intravenously Initial �rush� Followed by an intense feeling of pleasure Followed by a period of exhaustion Prolonged period of depression 500-1000 mg/2-3 hrs Crash and sleep 1-2 days

50. 50 Stimulants: Amphetamines Ice Smokable Slow evaporation of Meth Produces large crystal clear rocks Effects similar to crack but last longer Chronic users Sleep days Destructive behavior Psychosis similar to paranoid schizophrenia Psychological dependency

51. 51 Stimulants: Cocaine Sigmund Freud (1884-1887 experiments) Used in the original Coca-Cola (estimated nine mg per glass) Removed in 1903

52. 52 Stimulants: Cocaine Extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylin coca Causes increased alertness and vigor Accompanied by suppression of hunger, fatigue, and boredom

53. 53 Stimulants: Cocaine

54. 54 Stimulants: Crack Cocaine mixed with baking soda and water, then heated Smoked in glass pipes Stimulates the brain�s pleasure center

55. 55 Club Drugs

56. 56 Club Drugs Synthetic drugs that are used at nightclubs, bars, and raves (all-night dance parties) Include MDMA (ecstasy) GHB (gamma hydroxybutyrate) Rohypnol (�roofies�) Ketamine Methamphetamine

57. 57 Club Drugs GHB and Rohypnol Central nervous system depressants Connected with drug-facilitated sexual assault, rape, and robbery �Date rape drug�

58. 58 Club Drugs Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA or Ecstasy Synthetic mind-altering drug Many hallucinogenic and amphetamine-like effects Effects enhances self-awareness decreases inhibitions

59. 59 Club Drugs Chronic abuse Seizures Muscle breakdown Stroke Kidney failure Cardiovascular system failure

60. 60 Club Drugs Ketamine Primarily veterinary animal anesthetic In humans causes euphoria and hallucinations Impaired motor functions High blood pressure Amnesia Respiratory depression

61. 61 Anabolic Steroids

62. 62 Anabolic Steroids Chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone Abused to accelerate muscle growth Side effects Unpredictable effects on mood and personality Depression Diminished sex drive Halting bone growth Liver cancer

63. 63 Anabolic Steroids Females Masculinization Infertility High blood pressure Increased total cholesterol levels Increased acne Hair loss and baldness Prostate cancer Liver damage (often caused by high doses of oral administration) Excessive growth of oral gums

64. 64 Anabolic Steroids: Athletes

65. 65 Anabolic Steroids: Androstane

66. 66 Anabolic Steroids

67. 67 Drug-Control Laws

68. 68 Drug-Control Laws Controlled substances act Five schedules of classification for controlled dangerous substances on the basis of a drug�s: Potential for abuse Potential for physical and psychological dependence Medical value

69. 69 Schedules of Classification Schedule I High potential for abuse No currently accepted medical use Examples: heroin, marijuana, methaqualone, LSD Schedule II High potential for abuse Medical use with severe restrictions Examples: cocaine, PCP, most amphetamine and barbiturate prescriptions

70. 70 Schedule II Drugs

71. 71 Schedules of Classification Schedule III Less potential for abuse Currently accepted medical use Examples: all barbiturate prescriptions not covered under schedule II, codeine, anabolic steroids Schedule IV Low potential for abuse Current medical use Examples: darvon, phenobarbital, some tranquilizers such as diazepam (valium) and chlordiazepoxide (librium)

72. 72 Schedule III & IV Drugs

73. 73 Schedules of Classification Schedule V Low abuse potential Medical use Examples: opiate drug mixtures that contain nonnarcotic medicinal ingredients Designer drugs covered Chemically similar Treated as class I drugs Chemical precursors covered

74. 74 Drug Identification

75. 75 Drug Identification Select analytical procedures that will ensure a specific identification of a drug Two phases Screening test Nonspecific and preliminary in nature Reduce the possibilities to a manageable number Confirmation test Single test that specifically identifies a substance

76. 76 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Marquis 2% formaldehyde in sulfuric acid Purple: heroin, morphine, other opiods Orange-brown: amphetamines, metamphetamine

77. 77 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Dillie-Koppany 1% cobalt acetate in methanol Followed by 5% isopropylamine in methanol Violet-blue: barbituates

78. 78 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Duquenois-Levine Solution A: 2% vanillin + 1% acetaldehyde in ethanol Solution B: concentrated hydrochloric acid Solution C: chloroform Purple in chloroform layer: marijuana

79. 79 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Van Urk 1% p-dimethyaminobenzaldehyde in 10% concentrated hydrochloric acid and ethanol Blue-purple: LSD

80. 80

81. 81 Preliminary Analysis: Color Tests Scott Solution A: 2% cobalt thiocyanate in water and glycerine (1:1) Solution B: concentrated hydrochloric acid Solution C: chloroform Cocaine Blue: Solution A Clear pink: Solution B Blue in chloroform layer: Solution C

82. 82 Preliminary Analysis: Microcrystalline Tests Size and shape of crystals formed when drug is mixed with specific reagents More specific than color tests Reagent added to sample on slide Crystalline examined under microscope Experience for interpretation

83. 83 Preliminary Analysis: Chromatography Thin layer GC Rf or retention time comparisons Accompanies and complements color and crystalline tests

84. 84 Preliminary Analysis: Spectrophotometry Selective absorbance UV Comparison with known spectra Yields probable identity

85. 85 Confirmational Determination After preliminary analysis Specific test to identify drug substance Excludes of all other known chemical substances Infrared spectrophotometry Mass spectrometry

86. 86 Confirmational Determination: Spectrophotometry IR Fingerprint of compound Requires high purity Yields positive identy

87. 87 Identification: Marijuana Microscopic exam: cystolithic hairs Short hairs on upper surface of leaf (red arrow) Calcium carbonate at base Supplemented by color test, thin layer

88. 88 Collection & Preservation of Drug Evidence

89. 89 Collection and Preservation Properly packaged and labeled for the laboratory Package must prevent the loss of the contents and/or cross-contamination Original container will suffice Marked with information to establish the chain of custody

90. 90 Summary