Inventing a Better Future: A strategy for building worldwide capacities in science and technology

1. Inventing a Better Future: A strategy for building worldwide capacities in science and technology It is a pleasure for me to address the audience of this Symposium on the follow-up to the World Conference on Science, Harnessing Science for Society: Further Partnerships S&T is such a critical issue for the betterment of Humanity, that we came for all parts of the globe for jointly pursue this noble task.

2. Word Population and GDP per-capita (2001) www.interacademycouncil.net

3. Rising Inequities • Inequities are rising within countries and between countries • Assets of world’s 3 richest people exceed combined GDP of poorest 48 countries • World’s 15 richest people have assets that exceed total GDP of Sub-Saharan Africa

4. 80 High Income 60 Rep. Korea 40 20 Low & Middle SS Africa 0 1965 1975 1985 1995 Tertiary Enrollment Ratios Task Force, 2000

5. Recall:High-income vs. Low-income Countries Income = 42 times Research = 218 times

6. National Research and Development Expenditures as a Percent of Gross Domestic Product www.interacademycouncil.net

7. Scientists and Engineers in Research and Development (per million people) www.interacademycouncil.net

8. Patents Granted to Residents(per million population, 1999) www.interacademycouncil.net

9. TWAS Academies & & ICTP S&T Communities & & ICSU Governments & & UNESCO Foundations

10. Five Clusters of Recommendations • Science and Society • Human Resources • Institutions • Public/Private domain • Financing mechanisms

11. Science for Policy • Organize systematic input of science into public policy Policy for Science • Government must adopt strategy for science prepared in consultation with science academy • Identify priorities • Commit national financial support of 1% - 1.5% of GNP • Policy disseminated widely

12. Components of Strategy • Government policy must be coherent and promoting of science • Promote partnerships with others • Recognize and fund public goods • Strike balance between basic and applied research • Recognize and work with private sector

13. On Expanding Human Resources Nations can only aspire progress with indigenous knowledge • High-quality education at all levels and training are essential in all countries. S&T education policy should be established addressing national needs. Popularization of Science is crucial for the support and betterment of Society. Brain drain must be addressed: • Developing nations should develop, attract, and maintain S&T talent. Brain drain can be contained with a Pro-Talent Program and scientific cooperation with expatriates and colleagues from more advanced countries.

14. Brain Drain Foreign graduates in S&E Want to stay in the US : 45% (1990) – 72% (1999) Get offers: 32% (1990) – 50% (1999) • 27% of doctorate holders in the US labor force are foreign born S&E Indicators 2002

15. On Expanding Human Resources • Special outreach and support programs should be promoted by the S&T community for assuring ethnic, gender and cultural diversity. • S&T capacity-building is a shared regional and global responsibility. South-South cooperation including doctoral, post-doctoral fellowships and open laboratories should be offered to the developing countries by the more S&T-proficient nations such as Brazil, China, India, South Africa, Chile and Mexico, among others. • Regional S&T networks should be stimulated.

16. On Creating World-Class Institutions • Strong universities are critical for expanding national S&T capacities. • Autonomous Centers of Excellence to address local or regional challenges formed by groups of high scientific caliber, located at universities and research Institutions. Special support to the Least Developed Countries-LDCs must be provided. • Digital libraries of S&T that can bring knowledge to virtually everyone, everywhere, to be freely available or at a modest fee in the developing world

17. Virtual Networks of Excellence, linking for research and training scientific talents of nations and regions. Excellent examples have been promoted by the Millennium Science Initiative in Brazil, Chile, Mexico and now Uganda, with support of the World Bank . Engagement of international science community is important to guarantee quality control. • Academies of science, engineering, medicine, professional associations, UN/UNESCO, to urgently help to improve quality of national S&T programs and institutions. Special role for TWAS, IAC, IAP, ICSU, among others and centers like the International Centre for Theoretical Physics - ICTP.

18. Public/Private Domains • Promote Public-Private Partnerships. University, Research Centers and Industry. Innovation • IPR & Technology Transfer • Imaginative approaches to patents • Protect public goods • Funding from Private Sector is very important: 68% of all funding in the US – up from 32% in 1960 75% of actual R&D in the US is executed by the PS

19. On Funding for Research and Training • National “sectoral” funds for sustainable financing of high quality indigenous Research and Development - R&D in sectors of strategic importance for the country. Global funds • A Global Institutional Fund to provide soft funding for 5 to 10 years to Centers of Excellence in developing countries. The Centers can have national or regional character. • A Global Program Funding for developing nations to create new partnerships with S&T-advanced or S&T-proficient countries.

20. From Ideas to Impacts • Urgent national and international actions to strength local S&T. • Urgent regional and international collaboration with LDCs. • S&T-proficient countries, share responsibilities for regional and international S&T training and research programs • A global S&T-capacity “implementation strategy” to promote new initiatives. • International conferences of financial donors to help develop new mechanisms for increasing S&T capacity in developing countries. In all actions proposed, Government commitment is essential.

21. Meeting the Goals Important cases: • Many programs on Teaching and Diffusion of Science for young students, children. Inclusion of the disadvantage. • Special working conditions for young scientists avoiding Brain Drain, like in China. Similar measure needed all over. • Brazil, China, India and Mexico sharing responsibility for S&T strengthening in the developing world: International Doc and Post-Doc Fellowships with TWAS. Others. • Implementation of Millennium Institutes in Latin America, Africa and Asia.

22. Synopsis of Reactions Reactions have been very positive towards the IAC Report. • Launching at the UN by Secretary General Kofi Annan • Workshops in South Africa promoted by the Academy of Sciences and Government, including the IAC Report and the UN Millennium Goals (Rio + 12, Johannesburg + 2). • IAC Meeting with World Bank and Foundations, 3-4 February • Translation into Portuguese. Soon to be launched by the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and Government. • Translation into Chinese, Arab and French (summary). Launching?