Exploring Human Genetics and Heredity: Significance and Implications

1. New Horizon College English Ⅳ Research into Population Genetics Unit 7 Section A

2. Leading-in Pre-reading Text Study Exercises Supplement Contents

3. Leading-in Ⅰ Human Genetics Ⅱ Significance of Research on HG

4. Human Genetics genetics: n. [U] a branch of biology dealing with heredity 遗传and genetic variations 变异 the study of how living things develop according to the effects of those substances passed on in the cells from the parents HG & gene HG & race

5. Gene Chromosome 染色体 DNA 脱氧核糖核酸 Nucleotide 核苷酸 Base pair 碱基对

6. Scientific Consequences 1.helpful to know about the origins of the races; 2.helpful to cure genetic diseases; …… Social Consequences 1. To eliminate racial prejudice Significance of the Research

7. Pre-reading Ⅰ Background Information Ⅱ Listen and Discuss Ⅲ New Words

8. Background Information The History and Geography of Human Genes Luca Cavalli-Sforza

9. Background Information Australian 澳洲人 (blackfellow 澳洲土族） African非洲人

10. Background Information Australian Southeast Asian European

11. Background Information Khoisan （南非） 科伊桑人

12. Background Information French Spanish Basques

13. Listen and Discuss • Q1: How did the researchers obtain the information to write their book? They obtained the information by analyzing the blood proteins of individuals around the world. • Q2: What was one of the principal reasons for researchers to conduct this study? They wanted to show that people are all very similar on a genetic level.

14. New Words • genetics n. [U] a branch of biology dealing with heredity and genetic variations 遗传学 • heredity n. [U] the passing on of qualities from parent to child in the cells of the body遗传

15. New Words • gene n. 基因；遗传因子 You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因， 所以能够活得很长。 • genetic adj. 基因的；遗传学的 It’s very difficult to treat genetic diseases. 遗传性疾病治疗起来很困难。 genetic code 遗传密码 genetic engineering 遗传工程

16. New Words • superiority n. [U] 优越（性）；优势 We believe in the superiority of this method over that one. 我们相信这种方法比那种方法优越。

17. New Words • superior adj. 1) of higher rank or class 高级的；上级的 I’ll report you to your superior officer! 我将向你的上级告发你！ The book is superior to that. 这本书比那本书好。 2）of high quality 优质的 superior wool 优质羊毛 n. 上级 John was his direct superior. 约翰是他的顶头上司。

18. New Words • superficial adj. 1) on the surface; not deep 表面的；不深的 a superficial crack in the wall 墙表面上的裂缝 A superficial injury is not serious. 表面的伤不太严重。 2）not serious or searching in thought, ideas, etc. 肤浅的；一知半解的 He has a superficial knowledge of this subject. 他对这门学科略知皮毛。 You’re too superficial to appreciate great literature like this. 你太肤浅， 无法欣赏这类文学巨著。 • superficially adv. 浅薄地 • superficiality n. 浅薄；表面性的事物

19. New Words • extensive adj. large in amount or area 广大的；广阔的；广泛的 an extensive garden 宽敞的花园 extensive damage from the storm 暴风雨造成的广泛损失

20. New Words • extend v. 1) (of space, land, or time) to reach, stretch, or continue (空间、土地或时间)伸展，延伸，扩展，连续 The hot weather extended into October. 酷热的天气延续到十月份。 2）to make longer or greater 延长；扩大；加长 to extend the railway to the next town 把铁路延长到下一个市镇 3) to stretch out (a part of one’s body) to the limit 伸出，展开（身体之一部） He extended his hand in greeting. 他伸出手来表示欢迎。

21. New Words • extension n. 1) [U] the act of extending or condition of being extended 延伸；伸展； the extension of our foreign trade 我国外贸的扩大 The pupils disliked the extension of the term. 小学生们不愿延长学期。 2）[C] a part which is added to make something longer, wider, or greater 附加部分；延长部分 Our extension is nearly finished. 我们的扩建部分已接近完工。 to build an extension onto the house 在这座房子旁边盖一个延伸部分

22. New Words • confront v. to face boldly or threateningly 勇敢正视；威胁地面对 A soldier has to confront danger. 士兵须面对危险。 The difficulties that confront us seem insuperable. 我们面临的困难似乎是不可克服的。

23. New Words • potential adj. [no comp.] 潜在的； 有可能性的 Every plant is a potential plant. 每颗种籽都可能长成植物。 It’s important to draw out a child’s potential capacities. 发掘孩子的潜在能力是很重要的。 n. [U] 潜力；潜势；潜能 The new invention has an enormous sales potential. 这项新发明有巨大的销售潜力。

24. New Words • bias vt. 使有偏见 His background biases him against foreigners. 他的背景使他抱有反对外国人的偏见。 Many parents are biased against popular music. 许多父母对流行音乐有偏见。 n. [sing.] 偏见；成见 a bias towards/against the government 支持/反对政府的倾向性

25. New Words • biased a. 有偏见的；偏袒一方的 This is an obvious biased report. 这报道明显带有偏见。

26. New Words • discount vt. 把……不当一回事；不全信；怀疑 Much of what he says must be discounted; he imagines things. 他的话大都不可全信；他想象力太丰富了。 In his plans he discounted the expense. 在他的计划中他没有考虑到费用。 n. 折扣 a discount of 10 per cent (货物) 打九折 Students get a 15% discount on tickets. 学生买票可以享受八五折优惠。

27. New Words • feature vt. include a particular person or thing as a special feature 特写；（书刊）特载；（电影）由……主演；以……为号召物 This week’s broadcast features a report on victims of domestic violence. 本周广播对家庭暴力受害者进行特别报道。 The magazine is featuring his articles. 这杂志正在特载他的文章。

28. New Words • distinctive adj. 与众不同的；有特色的 She had a distinctive appearance. 她的外貌与众不同。 There is a distinctive smell in the room. 房间里有一种特殊的气味。

29. New Words • distinct adj. 明显的 a distinct smell of burning 明显的燃烧的气味 I get the distinct impression that you don’t like her very much. 我有一个很明显的印象：你不怎么喜欢她。

30. New Words • ultimate adj. 最后的；最终的 What was his ultimate goal? 他的最终目标是什么？ The debate should center on the ultimate interest of the nation. 辩论应该围绕国家的最终利益展开。

31. New Words • to date until now 至今， 直到现在 To date， he has done half the work. 至今他已完成这项工作的一半。 There is no evidence, to date, that proves his innocence. 至今仍没有证据证明他的清白。

32. New Words • be confined with 限制于；局限于 His concerns were not confined to property, housing and environmental questions. 他所关心的事不局限与财产、住房、环境等问题。 Disasters of this sort were confined to easily flooded land. 这种灾难只发生在易发洪水的地区。

33. New Words • as of/from starting from (the time stated) 从……起 As of now, cigarettes are banned in my house and all the offices. 从现在起，我的屋子和所有的办公室都禁止吸烟。 The timetable will come into effect as of January 2011. 新的时间表将从2011年1月起生效。

34. New Words • in effect in fact 事实上， 实际上 What the management is saying, in effect, is that they are going to stop recruiting new staff. 管理层的实际意思是，他们将停止招聘新员工。 In effect, the influence of this government was going down gradually. 事实上，这个政府的影响力正在逐渐下降。

35. New Words • in combination with together with 与…..一起； 共同 He carried on the business in combination with his friends. 他与朋友们合伙做生意。 By using persuasion in combination with threats, she achieved political success. 她采取劝说和威胁并用的方式获得了政治上的成功。

36. New Words • be descended from为……的后裔 People say that she is descended from royalty. 人们说她是王室后裔。 • serve as充当；担任；履行……责任 The general had served as a soldier in the earlier war. 在早期的战争中， 这位将军曾当过士兵。 This box could serve as a table. 这个箱子可以当桌子用。

37. New Words • adapt to使适应于…… I adapted quickly to the new climate. 我很快地适应了这种新的气候。 The professor adapted his lecture to his audience. 教授使他讲的课适合于听众。

38. New Words • shed new light on make something easier to understand 阐明；解释 His new discovery will shed light on the mystery. 他的新发现将有助于解开这个谜团。

39. Text Study Ⅰ Text Structure Analysis Ⅱ Detailed Study of the Text

40. (Para 1-2) the theoretical significance and contribution of The History and Geography of Human Genes (Para 3-4) the process of conducting the research (Para 5-9) the major contributions of the first genetic map (Para10) the social value of the research Text Organization Part One Part Two Para.7-13 Part Three Part Four

41. Text Organization The genetic maps shed new light on the origins of populations Example 1: the origin of the Khoisan people in southern Africa (Para 7) Example 2: The origin of the Basques (Para 8)

42. Detailed Study of the Text • While not exactly a top-selling book, The History and Geography of Human Genes is a remarkable collection of more than 50 years of research in population genetics. (Para. 1) Meaning: Although the book is not actually a best seller, The History and Geography of Human Genes is an outstanding book, reflecting 50 years’ research in population genetics.

43. Detailed Study of the Text • The book’s firm conclusion: Once the genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discounted, the “races” are remarkably alike under the skin. (Para 1) Meaning: The book firmly concludes that if the genes for superficial characteristics such as skin color and height are ignored, all races are fundamentally alike. • In fact, there is no scientific basis for theories advocating the genetic superiority of any one population over another. (Para. 1) Meaning: Actually, theories suggesting that one race of people is superior to another have no scientific basis.

44. Detailed Study of the Text • The book, however, is much more than an argument against the latest racially biased theory. (Para. 2) Note: A racially biased theory is one that shows an unreasonable like or dislike for one race based on personal opinions. more than: to a greater degree than something else or than usual (used without an adverbial clause of comparison) • “more than” followed by a noun phrase He’s more than a coach; he’s a friend. 他不只是一个教练，他更是一个朋友。

45. Detailed Study of the Text • “more than” followed by a verbal phrase Learning English is more than attending the classes and taking notes. 学习英语不仅仅是上课和做笔记。 We more than waited from morning till night; we were worried. 我们不只是从早一直等到晚，还担惊受怕。 • “more than” followed by an adjective She was more than glad to hear the news. 听到这个消息她非常高兴。 Meaning: But the book is not just an argument against the latest racially biased theory.

46. Detailed Study of the Text • The prime mover behind the project, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a Stanford professor, labored with his colleagues for 16 years to create nothing less than the first genetic map of the world. (Para. 2) Note:“nothing less than” is often used in a sentence without an adverbial clause of comparison to emphasize how important or surprising something is. • “nothing less than” followed by a noun The setting up of this plant in three months is nothing less than a miracle. 三个月就建成了这个工厂， 简直就是一个奇迹。 What was needed was nothing less than a new industrial revolution and a thriving market. 我们所需要的就是一场新的工业革命和一个繁荣的市场。

47. Detailed Study of the Text • “nothing less than” followed by an adjective The present trend is nothing less than alarming. 当前的这种趋势确实令人担心。 His experience is nothing less than magical and I am moved to tears. 他的经历简直太奇妙了，我被感动得流下眼泪。 Meaning: The leading scientist of the project, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, a Stanford professor, worked with his colleagues for 16 years to produce the first worldwide map of human genes.

48. Detailed Study of the Text • The book features more than 500 maps that show areas of genetic similarity —— much as places of equal altitude are shown by the same color on other maps. (Para. 2) Meaning: The book includes more than 500 maps. These maps show areas of genetic similarity in the same way that places of equal altitude are shown by the same color on other maps. • Result: the closest thing we have to a global family tree. (Para. 2) Meaning: As a result, we’ve got what is almost a global family tree —— how the world’s populations are related to each other.

49. Detailed Study of the Text • The information needed to draw that tree is found in human blood: various proteins that serve as markers to reveal a person’s genetic makeup. (Para. 3) Meaning: It’s found that the different proteins in human blood provide the necessary information to draw that global family tree, for they can tell us about a person’s genetic structure. • And to ensure the populations were “pure”, the study was confined to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492, before the first major movements from Europe began —— in effect, a genetic photo of the world when Columbus sailed for America. (Para. 3) Meaning: And to make sure the survey participants were not mixed with outsiders, the study was limited to people who had been living since 1492 in their present locations and were not affected by the first major movements from Europe due to Columbus’ discovery of America. In fact, what the scientists drew was a genetic map of the world in 1492.

50. Detailed Study of the Text • One of them jumps right off the book’s cover: A color map of the world’s genetic variation has Africa at one end of the range and Australia at the other. (Para. 5) Meaning: One of the discoveries was right on the book’s cover: A color map of the world’s genetic distribution shows that Australians are most different from Africans. • But their genes tell a different story. (Para. 5) Meaning: But their genes prove the widely-held assumption wrong.