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Cell Parts and Functions for Biology Learners

Learn about cell organelles, membranes, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell wall, plastids, vacuoles, and ER functions in detail.

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Cell Parts and Functions for Biology Learners

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  1. Cell Parts and Functions • Parts are collectively called organelles • “stuff” inside cell is cytoplasm (protoplasm): jellylike substance organelles float in

  2. Cell Parts and Functions • Cell Membrane • Fluid Mosaic Model (Singer-Nicolson) • Held together by Van der Waals forces

  3. Cell Parts and Functions • Cell Membrane • Proteins serve specific functions • Carbohydrate end of glycoproteins serve as receptors for certain hormones • Channels or gates

  4. Note regarding fluidity (viscosity) of cell membranes • 2 different cells may fuse to form a heterokaryon (=different nucleus) • Complete mixing of proteins shows the fluid nature of the membrane

  5. Cell Parts and Functions • Nucleus • Bound by nuclear membrane/envelope; has pores for RNA and nuclear proteins to pass • Contains genetic material; chromatin (DNA & proteins) • Nucleolus: make ribosomes

  6. Cell Parts and Functions • Ribosomes • Protein synthesis  specific step is known as translation • Made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA); has 2 subunits

  7. Cell Parts and Functions • Mitochondria • Make ATP (energy) in process of respiration • Folds provide more surface area for work to be done • Contain own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes so they can self-replicate by fission • Endosymbiotic theory

  8. Cell Parts and Functions • Cell Wall • Found in plants AND bacteria

  9. Cell Parts and Functions • Cell Wall • Found in plants AND bacteria

  10. Cell Parts and Functions • Cell Wall • Found in plants AND bacteria

  11. Cell Parts and Functions • Plastids • Contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes; self-replication by fission • Chloroplasts: photosynthesis; contain chlorophyll • Chromoplasts: give color to fruit and flowers • Carotene • Carotenoids • Leucoplasts: colorless; store starch • amyloplasts

  12. Cell Parts and Functions • Vacuoles • Fluid-filled space surrounded by tonoplast (plants) • Functions as storage • Size changes depending on osmosis; provides turgor for plants

  13. Cell Parts and Functions • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Tunnels through cytoplasm- transports proteins throughout the cell • Rough ER contains many ribosomes • Smooth ER makes lipids • Vesicles released from here are called peroxisomes

  14. Cell Parts and Functions • Peroxisomes (eukaryotic cells only) • contain hydrolytic (oxidative) enzymes like catalase • Help digest fatty acids (and ethanolby using hydrogen peroxide) • Bud off from ER • Abundant in liver and kidney cells

  15. Catalase reaction H2O2 + H2R → 2H2O + R

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