ANDER DELGADO University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU

1. Ikastola or the Basque educational cooperatives in Franco’s dictatorship and Transition to Democracy ANDER DELGADO University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU MANCHESTER, 5 July 2012

2. Definition of Ikastola Brief overview of its creation Reason why the co-operative became an institutional form CONTENTS 2

3. 1.- Definition of Ikastola Ikastola: “Basque Schools” vs. “School to make Spaniards” SABINO ARANA GOIRI (1865 – 1903)

4. Ikastola: Schools which taught the majority of the subjects in the Basque language or euskera. They established a specific curriculum that took into account the Basque culture, history, traditions, etc. 1.- Definition of Ikastola 4

5. House-Schools (semi-clandestine) Schools (open to society) 2.- Overview of its creation 5

6. 2.- Overview of creation Number of ikastolas founded in the Basque Country and Navarre each year over the 1960-1976 period Fuente: SIADECO, Estudio socio-lingüístico del euskera, vol. III, tomo VII (Las Ikastolas en el País Vasco), San Sebastián: Siadeco, [1977], p. 21.

7. 2.- Overview of creation Total number of ikastolas over the 1960-1980 period Fuente: I. Fernández, Oroimenaren hitza. Ikastolen historia 1960-1975, Bilbao: UEU, 1994, 198.

8. 2.- Overview of creation Total number of pupils of the Ikastolas (1964-1981) Fuente: F. Basurto, “La normalización de la ikastola: breve historia y estado de la cuestión de la Escuela Pública Vasca”, Historia de la Educación, nº 8, 1989, pp. 139-165, 148.

9. 2.- Overview of creation Academic year 1981/1982 (The Basque Country and Navarre): • Nursery Schools (2 – 5 years): 22 % • Primary Schools (6 – 13 years): 9 % 9

10. 3.- Co-Operatives • Legal and educational context • Mondragon co-operatives • Popular movement 10

11. THANK YOU – ESKERRIK ASKO